scholarly journals Pathogenicity, Symptom Development, and Mycotoxin Formation in Wheat by Fusarium Species Frequently Isolated from Sugar Beet

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1338-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Christ ◽  
Ruben Gödecke ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann ◽  
Mark Varrelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Crop rotations with putative non-host crops such as sugar beet are often recommended to reduce Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. However, recent observations have shown pathogenic, endophytic, and saprotrophic colonization of sugar beet with various Fusarium spp. Therefore, strains of seven species frequently isolated from sugar beet were tested for pathogenicity on wheat. Species-specific symptoms on heads and kernels were evaluated and the grains were analyzed for 20 mycotoxins with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. cerealis from sugar beet caused typical FHB symptoms and mycotoxin contamination with deoxynivalenol and nivalenol, while a high incidence of black point was observed in heads inoculated with F. tricinctum or F. equiseti. Black point kernels revealed 3.4 to 14.5 times higher mycotoxin concentrations than symptomless grains, containing enniatin B1 at 38,000 μg/kg, moniliformin at 4,900 μg/kg, and 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol at 5,500 μg/kg, as well as monoacetoxyscirpenol at 2,600 μg/kg and nivalenol at 3,800 μg/kg. Monitoring of these latter two species in the field is hampered by the lack of typical head symptoms after infection. In further experiments, the impact of sugar beet residues on FHB severity and the correlation between mycotoxin contamination of cereal lots and the amount of black point have to be evaluated.

Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chełkowski ◽  
K. Gromadzka ◽  
Ł. Stępień ◽  
L. Lenc ◽  
M. Kostecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time

High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season. Head samples from 106 wheat fields were collected before harvest from Northern, Central and Southern Poland in August 2009. Fusarium species were identified in 1,311 heads with visible scab symptoms and the collected material was subjected to mycotoxin analyses. Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined. This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively, and its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades. In the central part of the country, Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%, although in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%. Several other species, including Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale, occurred with lower frequencies. Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia. For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction, while the Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg. The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions. ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level. DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.

Mycotoxins in barley and oat samples from eastern Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Campbell ◽  
T. M. Choo ◽  
B. Vigier ◽  
L. Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Canadian Food Inspection Agency

In Eastern Canada Fusarium species infect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) more frequently than wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), yet information on mycotoxin contamination in barley and oats is lacking. Such information is essential to determine the need for control of fusarium head blight in barley and oats. Therefore, data were retrieved from the Mycotoxin Databank of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to study mycotoxin contamination in Eastern Canada's barley and oats. Of the 116 barley samples collected from 1991 to 1998 crops, 84 (72%) were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON). Some samples contained up to 8–9 mg kg−1 of DON. DON contamination was particularly severe in recent years (1996, 1997, and 1998). DON contamination was less frequent and less severe in oats in comparison with barley. Only 34 of the 73 oat samples (47%) contained DON. Thirty-four percent of the barley samples (18/53) and 15% of the oat samples (4/26) contained nivalenol. Zearalenone, ochratoxin A, 3-acetyl DON, 15- acetyl DON, and T-2 were also detected at a low frequency; but HT-2, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), fusarenon X, 15-acetoxyscirpenol, and neosolaniol were not detected in these samples. The results suggest that breeding barley for resistance to DON accumulation is warranted in Eastern Canada. Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, oat, Avena sativa, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol

Fusarium SPECIES AND TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXINS IN SUSPECT SAMPLES OF 1985 MANITOBA WHEAT

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ABRAMSON ◽  
R. M. CLEAR ◽  
T. W. NOWICKI
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
High Incidence

In 1985, abnormally high summer rainfall in southern Manitoba resulted in a high incidence of fusarium head blight symptoms in some samples of wheat delivered to primary elevators. Fifty-three wheat samples, containing between 0.2 and 5.4% (wt/wt) pink kernels and white "tombstone" kernels, were examined for Fusarium species and trichothecene mycotoxins. Fusarium species were found in 48 of the samples with F. graminearum in 30, F. sporotrichioides in 38, F. poae in 21, F. acuminatum in 21, F. avenaceum in 21, F. equiseti in 25, F. culmorum in 3, and F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum and F. subglutinans in 1 each. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was found in 39 samples at concentrations ≤ 1.40 ppm and in 1 sample at 3.65 ppm, diacetoxyscirpenol in 20 samples at ≤ 0.08 ppm, HT-2 toxin in 10 samples at < 0.05 ppm, and T-2 toxin in 11 samples at ≤ 0.20 ppm.Key words: Fusarium, trichothecenes, mycotoxins, wheat

scholarly journals Mycotoxins in Flanders’ Fields: Occurrence and Correlations with Fusarium Species in Whole-Plant Harvested Maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Vandicke ◽  
Katrien De Visschere ◽  
Siska Croubels ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Kris Audenaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Positive Correlations

Mycotoxins are well-known contaminants of several food- and feedstuffs, including silage maize for dairy cattle. Climate change and year-to-year variations in climatic conditions may cause a shift in the fungal populations infecting maize, and therefore alter the mycotoxin load. In this research, 257 maize samples were taken from fields across Flanders, Belgium, over the course of three years (2016–2018) and analyzed for 22 different mycotoxins using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. DNA of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides was quantified using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Multi-mycotoxin contamination occurred frequently, with 47% of samples containing five or more mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) was the most prevalent mycotoxin, being present in 99% of the samples, followed by deoxynivalenol (DON) in 86% and zearalenone (ZEN) in 50% of the samples. Fumonisins (FUMs) were found in only 2% of the samples in the wet, cold year of 2016, but in 61% in the extremely hot and dry year of 2018. Positive correlations were found between DON and NIV and between F. graminearum and F. culmorum, among others. FUM concentrations were not correlated with any other mycotoxin, nor with any Fusarium sp., except F. verticillioides. These results show that changing weather conditions can influence fungal populations and the corresponding mycotoxin contamination of maize significantly, and that multi-mycotoxin contamination increases the risk of mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Crop Diseases and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Temperate Agroforestry Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Beule ◽  
Ena Lehtsaar ◽  
Anna Rathgeb ◽  
Petr Karlovsky
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Leptosphaeria Maculans ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Temperate Agroforestry

Background: Temperate agroforestry is regarded as a sustainable alternative to monoculture agriculture due to enhanced provisioning of ecosystem services. Plant health and food safety are crucial requirements for sustainable agriculture; however, studies of fungal diseases and mycotoxin contamination of crops grown under temperate agroforestry are lacking. This study therefore aimed to compare fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination of crops grown in temperate agroforestry against conventional monoculture. Methods: The biomass of plant pathogenic fungi in oilseed rape plants and barley and wheat grain harvested in 2016 to 2018 at four paired agroforestry and monoculture sites was quantified using species-specific real-time PCR. Mycotoxin content of barley and wheat grain was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Results: The colonization of oilseed rape plants with the vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum and wheat grain with the head blight pathogen Fusarium tricinctum was lower in agroforestry than in conventional monoculture. Mycotoxin content of barley and wheat grain did not differ between agroforestry and monoculture systems and did not exceed the legal limits of the EU. Remarkably, fumonisin B1 was detected in wheat grains at two sites in two years, yet the low levels found do not raise food safety concerns. No differences were found between the two production systems with regard to infection of wheat and barley grain with five Fusarium species (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. poae, and F. proliferatum) and oilseed rape with fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria biglobosa, Leptosphaeria maculans, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Conclusions: Temperate agroforestry does not negatively affect the infection of wheat, barley and oilseed rape with major fungal pathogens though it may suppress the infection of oilseed rape with V. longisporum and wheat grain with F. tricinctum. Furthermore, temperate agroforestry does not increase mycotoxin contamination of barley and wheat. Therefore, temperate agroforestry does not negatively affect food safety.

scholarly journals Phytopathological Threats Associated with Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivation and Seed Production in an Area of Central Italy

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1933
Author(s):  
Giovanni Beccari ◽  
Mara Quaglia ◽  
Francesco Tini ◽  
Euro Pannacci ◽  
Lorenzo Covarelli
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

In 2017, in a new Chenopodium quinoa cultivation area (Central Italy), emergence failures of the Titicaca, Rio Bamba, and Real varieties, whose seeds were obtained the previous year (2016) in the same location, were observed. Moreover, leaf disease symptoms on the Regalona variety, whose seeds came from Chile, were detected. Visual and microscopic analyses showed the presence of browning/necrotic symptoms on the seeds of the three varieties whose emergence in the field had failed. In addition, their in vitro germination rates were strongly compromised. Fusarium spp. was isolated with high incidence from Titicaca, Rio Bamba, and Real seeds. Among the detected Fusarium species, in the phylogenetic analysis, the dominant one clustered in the sub-clade Equiseti of the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) species complex. Instead, the pathogen associated with Regalona leaf symptoms was identified, by morphological and molecular features, as Peronospora variabilis, the causal agents of downy mildew. This is the first report of both P. variabilis and F. equiseti on C. quinoa in Italy. Species-specific primers also detected P. variabilis in Regalona seeds. These results underline the importance of pathogen monitoring in new quinoa distribution areas, as well as of healthy seed production and import for successful cultivation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Fusarium Infection and Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat Kernels and Flour Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Alisaac ◽  
Jan Behmann ◽  
Anna Rathgeb ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Fusarium Infection ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Wheat Kernels

Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics in wheat and contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins has become an increasing problem over the last decades. This prompted the need for non-invasive and non-destructive techniques to screen cereal grains for Fusarium infection, which is usually accompanied by mycotoxin contamination. This study tested the potential of hyperspectral imaging to monitor the infection of wheat kernels and flour with three Fusarium species. Kernels of two wheat varieties inoculated at anthesis with F. graminearum, F. culmorum, and F. poae were investigated. Hyperspectral images of kernels and flour were taken in the visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) (400–1000 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) (1000–2500 nm) ranges. The fungal DNA and mycotoxin contents were quantified. Spectral reflectance of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) was significantly higher than non-inoculated ones. In contrast, spectral reflectance of flour from non-inoculated kernels was higher than that of FDK in the VIS and lower in the NIR and SWIR ranges. Spectral reflectance of kernels was positively correlated with fungal DNA and deoxynivalenol (DON) contents. In the case of the flour, this correlation exceeded r = −0.80 in the VIS range. Remarkable peaks of correlation appeared at 1193, 1231, 1446 to 1465, and 1742 to 2500 nm in the SWIR range.

scholarly journals Survey of Fusarium Species Associated with Fusarium Head Blight of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Southeastern Idaho

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn M. Bissonnette ◽  
Philip Wharton ◽  
Jianli Chen ◽  
Juliet M. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific

In Idaho, losses due to Fusarium head blight (FHB) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) have been infrequent and have historically been dominated by Fusarium culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc. However, the incidence of FHB and deoxynivalenol-contaminated grain has increased in spring wheat in southeastern Idaho since 2009, indicating that other species of Fusarium may be contributing to disease. In 2011 and 2012, 17 spring wheat fields were scouted and sampled for FHB in southern Idaho. Contaminated grains were cultured, and putative Fusarium isolates were identified using species-specific polymerase chain reaction. In 2011, 87% of all recovered isolates were identified as F. graminearum, whereas only 13% were identified as F. culmorum. Of the isolates collected in 2012, 51% were identified as F. graminearum and 49% as F. culmorum. In both years, more F. graminearum isolates were recovered as compared to a survey conducted in 1984. Implementation of effective disease management practices will be necessary to minimize the establishment and spread of F. graminearum–responsible FHB in southeastern Idaho.

scholarly journals Characterization and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Fusarium Species in Freshly Harvested and Stored Sugar Beet in Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1330-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Christ ◽  
Bernward Märländer ◽  
Mark Varrelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Based on a 2-year field trial at two locations in Lower Saxony (Germany), 395 Fusarium isolates belonging to 13 species were collected from more than 3,000 sugar beet roots that were apparently healthy at harvest. In a comparative screen, subsamples were analyzed for Fusarium infection directly after harvest and after different storage conditions. Depending on the storage duration, a different species composition was observed. F. redolens was predominant in freshly harvested beets, while F. culmorum, F. cerealis, and F. graminearum comprised 50.0% (2006) and 84.8% (2007) of the Fusarium mycoflora of sugar beets subjected to long-term pile storage. Randomly selected isolates of all species detected were tested for pathogenicity to sugar beet, but only isolates of F. graminearum and F. sambucinum caused severe root symptoms. Overall, 34 isolates of all species detected were characterized for their mycotoxin profile in rice culture to determine potentially produced toxins for future analysis of sugar beet. A total of 26 Fusarium mycotoxins were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including trichothecenes, zearalenone, and especially high amounts of beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin. Further work is required to analyze the natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in sugar beet.

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