Self‐weighing to prevent age‐related weight gain in young adults (1035.13)

Background and Goal: Sleep problems were significantly increased on simvastatin ( simva ) (but not pravastatin) vs placebo in the UCSD Statin Study. Sleep problems on simva predicted glucose rise. Weight gain has also been reported as a statin side effect. We sought to capitalize on existing data to assess whether sleep problems on simva related to weight gain in men. Method: 442 men without known diabetes or CVD were randomized to simva 20mg or placebo for 6 mon. One hundred eighty and 186 completed single-item self-rating of change in sleep problems vs baseline ( Δslpprob ). Weight (lb) was measured at baseline and 6 mon. Missing 6 mon values were imputed. Analyses: A. Regressions stratified by treatment assessed prediction of weight change by Δslpprob, adjusted for baseline weight. B. Regressions assessed prediction of weight change by the interaction term of simva (vs placebo) x Δslpprob, adjusted for the components of the interaction and baseline weight. Since age-related muscle loss may complicate weight change in elderly; and young adults have low vulnerability to metabolic problems, analyses were repeated excluding these groups. Results: A. Increased sleep problems on simva predicted weight gain (significant), but on placebo predicted weight loss (nonsignificant). B. The Δslpprob x simva interaction term significantly predicted weight gain. When that was parceled out, simva, outside of the sleep relationship, negatively predicted weight change. Exclusion of young adults and elderly strengthened significance of findings (Table). Discussion: Sleep problems, which differentially arise on simva, differentially predict weight gain on simva. This expands the metabolic effects to which sleep problems on simva may contribute and might possibly favor mediation by sleep apnea (a reported complication of simva). Once the sleep problem effect is considered, simva use predicted weight loss . The relative contribution of fat vs muscle loss (vs other) requires exploration.

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Frequent Self-Weighing with Electronic Graphic Feedback to Prevent Age-Related Weight Gain in Young Adults

Obesity ◽

10.1002/oby.21211 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 2009-2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Fredrik Bertz ◽

Carly R. Pacanowski ◽

David A. Levitsky

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Age Related

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Inefficient Encoding as an Explanation for Age-Related Deficits in Recollection-Based Processing

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000122 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 148-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

David Friedman ◽

Ray Johnson

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Semantic Retrieval ◽

Age Related ◽

The Face ◽

Episodic Memories

A cardinal feature of aging is a decline in episodic memory (EM). Nevertheless, there is evidence that some older adults may be able to “compensate” for failures in recollection-based processing by recruiting brain regions and cognitive processes not normally recruited by the young. We review the evidence suggesting that age-related declines in EM performance and recollection-related brain activity (left-parietal EM effect; LPEM) are due to altered processing at encoding. We describe results from our laboratory on differences in encoding- and retrieval-related activity between young and older adults. We then show that, relative to the young, in older adults brain activity at encoding is reduced over a brain region believed to be crucial for successful semantic elaboration in a 400–1,400-ms interval (left inferior prefrontal cortex, LIPFC; Johnson, Nessler, & Friedman, 2013 ; Nessler, Friedman, Johnson, & Bersick, 2007 ; Nessler, Johnson, Bersick, & Friedman, 2006 ). This reduced brain activity is associated with diminished subsequent recognition-memory performance and the LPEM at retrieval. We provide evidence for this premise by demonstrating that disrupting encoding-related processes during this 400–1,400-ms interval in young adults affords causal support for the hypothesis that the reduction over LIPFC during encoding produces the hallmarks of an age-related EM deficit: normal semantic retrieval at encoding, reduced subsequent episodic recognition accuracy, free recall, and the LPEM. Finally, we show that the reduced LPEM in young adults is associated with “additional” brain activity over similar brain areas as those activated when older adults show deficient retrieval. Hence, rather than supporting the compensation hypothesis, these data are more consistent with the scaffolding hypothesis, in which the recruitment of additional cognitive processes is an adaptive response across the life span in the face of momentary increases in task demand due to poorly-encoded episodic memories.

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How adolescents and adults translate motivational value to action: Age-related shifts in strategic physical effort exertion for monetary rewards

10.31234/osf.io/zcw4s ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra M Rodman ◽

Katherine Powers ◽

Catherine Insel ◽

Erik K Kastman ◽

Katherine Kabotyanski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Incentive Motivation ◽

Reward Processing ◽

Monetary Reward ◽

Physical Effort ◽

Monetary Rewards ◽

Age Related ◽

Adolescents And Adults

Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according to the magnitude of reward they expect to obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who are undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and reward processing, translate incentive motivation into action in a way that is similarly tuned to reward value and economical in effort utilization. The present study adapted a classic physical effort paradigm to quantify age-related changes in motivation-based and strategic markers of effort exertion for monetary rewards from adolescence to early adulthood. One hundred and three participants aged 12-23 years completed a task that involved exerting low or high amounts of physical effort, in the form of a hand grip, to earn low or high amounts of money. Adolescents and young adults exhibited highly similar incentive-modulated effort for reward according to measures of peak grip force and speed, suggesting that motivation for monetary reward is consistent across age. However, young adults expended energy more economically and strategically: whereas adolescents were prone to exert excess physical effort beyond what was required to earn reward, young adults were more likely to strategically prepare before each grip phase and conserve energy by opting out of low reward trials. This work extends theoretical models of development of incentive-driven behavior by demonstrating that layered on similarity in motivational value for monetary reward, there are important differences in the way behavior is flexibly adjusted in the presence of reward from adolescence to young adulthood.

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Inflamm-Aging Is Associated with Lower Plasma PTX3 Concentrations and an Impaired Capacity of PBMCs to Express hTERT following LPS Stimulation

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2019/2324193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aaron L. Slusher ◽

Tiffany M. Zúñiga ◽

Edmund O. Acevedo

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Young Adults ◽

Telomere Length ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Htert Gene ◽

Age Related

Age-related elevations in proinflammatory cytokines, known as inflamm-aging, are associated with shorter immune cell telomere lengths. Purpose. This study examined the relationship of plasma PTX3 concentrations, a biomarker of appropriate immune function, with telomere length in 15 middle-aged (40-64 years) and 15 young adults (20-31 years). In addition, PBMCs were isolated from middle-aged and young adults to examine their capacity to express a key mechanistic component of telomere length maintenance, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), following ex vivo cellular stimulation. Methods. Plasma PTX3 and inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α), PBMC telomere lengths, and PBMC hTERT gene expression and inflammatory protein secretion following exposure to LPS, PTX3, and PTX3+LPS were measured. Results. Aging was accompanied by the accumulation of centrally located visceral adipose tissue, without changes in body weight and BMI, and alterations in the systemic inflammatory milieu (decreased plasma PTX3 and TGF-β; increased TNF-α (p≤0.050)). In addition, shorter telomere lengths in middle-aged compared to young adults (p=0.011) were negatively associated with age, body fat percentages, and plasma TNF-α (r=−0.404, p=0.027; r=−0.427, p=0.019; and r=−0.323, p=0.041, respectively). Finally, the capacity of PBMCs to increase hTERT gene expression following ex vivo stimulation was impaired in middle-aged compared to young adults (p=0.033) and negatively associated with telomere lengths (r=0.353, p=0.028). Conclusions. Proinflammation and the impaired hTERT gene expression capacity of PBMCs may contribute to age-related telomere attrition and disease.

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Age-related differences in monocyte DNA methylation and immune function in healthy Kenyan adults and children

Immunity & Ageing ◽

10.1186/s12979-021-00223-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Katherine R. Dobbs ◽

Paula Embury ◽

Emmily Koech ◽

Sidney Ogolla ◽

Stephen Munga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Dna Methylation ◽

Young Adults ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽

Cpg Sites ◽

Age Related ◽

Adults And Children

Abstract Background Age-related changes in adaptive and innate immune cells have been associated with a decline in effective immunity and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and functional changes in monocytes occur with aging, though most studies to date have focused on differences between young adults and the elderly in populations with European ancestry; few data exist regarding changes that occur in circulating monocytes during the first few decades of life or in African populations. We analyzed DNA methylation profiles, cytokine production, and inflammatory gene expression profiles in monocytes from young adults and children from western Kenya. Results We identified several hypo- and hyper-methylated CpG sites in monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children that replicated findings in the current literature of differential DNA methylation in monocytes from elderly persons vs. young adults across diverse populations. Differentially methylated CpG sites were also noted in gene regions important to inflammation and innate immune responses. Monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children displayed increased production of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70 in response to TLR4 and TLR2/1 stimulation as well as distinct inflammatory gene expression profiles. Conclusions These findings complement previous reports of age-related methylation changes in isolated monocytes and provide novel insights into the role of age-associated changes in innate immune functions.

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Asymmetry in Event-Related Potentials to Simulated Auditory Motion in Children, Young Adults, and Seniors

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715943 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (01) ◽

pp. 001-013 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James Jerger ◽

Rebecca Estes

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Right Hemisphere ◽

Apparent Movement ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Auditory Evoked Responses ◽

Age Related ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Velocity Information ◽

The Right ◽

Age Range

We studied auditory evoked responses to the apparent movement of a burst of noise in the horizontal plane. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in three groups of participants: children in the age range from 9 to 12 years, young adults in the age range from 18 to 34 years, and seniors in the age range from 65 to 80 years. The topographic distribution of grand-averaged ERP activity was substantially greater over the right hemisphere in children and seniors but slightly greater over the left hemisphere in young adults. This finding may be related to age-related differences in the extent to which judgments of sound movement are based on displacement versus velocity information.

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Effects of trenbolone acetate and testosterone on growth and on plasma concentrations of corticosterone and ACTH in rats

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1260461 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 126 (3) ◽

pp. 461-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. N. Sillence ◽

R. G. Rodway

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Growth Response ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Adrenal Weight ◽

Trenbolone Acetate ◽

Male And Female Rats ◽

Age Related ◽

Old Rats

ABSTRACT The effects of trenbolone acetate (TBA) on growth and on plasma concentrations of corticosterone were examined in male and female rats. At 5 weeks of age, rats were injected with TBA (0·8 mg/kg) dissolved in peanut oil, or with oil alone, daily for 10 days. In female rats, TBA caused an increase in weight gain (20–38%), a reduction in adrenal weight (19%) and a reduction in plasma concentrations of corticosterone (55%). In contrast, TBA-treated male rats showed no significant increase in weight gain, no significant change in adrenal weight and no reduction in plasma concentrations of corticosterone. The mechanism by which adrenal activity was suppressed in TBA-treated female rats was examined and the response compared with that to testosterone. Female rats (8 weeks old) were injected daily either with oil vehicle, TBA (0·8 mg/kg) or testosterone propionate (0·8 mg/kg). Testosterone increased weight gain (24%), but the growth response to TBA treatment was significantly greater (97%). A reduction in plasma concentrations of corticosterone (45%) was again observed in response to TBA. However, testosterone increased plasma concentrations of corticosterone (52%) above those of control values. Neither androgen affected plasma concentrations of ACTH. Finally, the effects of TBA were examined in 6-week-old female rats, to characterize further the apparent age-related increase in responsiveness. The growth response of 6-week-old rats (60–74%) was intermediate between that seen in 5- and 8-week-old animals. It is concluded that part of the anabolic activity of TBA may be related to a reduction in circulating concentrations of corticosterone. The effect of TBA on corticosterone concentrations differs from that of the natural androgen, testosterone, and does not appear to be mediated by a reduction in plasma concentrations of ACTH. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 461–466

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