scholarly journals Rapid Efflux of Lactate from Cerebral Cortex during K+-Induced Spreading Cortical Depression

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F. Cruz ◽  
Keiji Adachi ◽  
Gerald A. Dienel
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Uniform Pattern ◽  
Spreading Cortical Depression ◽  
Cortical Depression ◽  
Rapid Transport ◽  
Glucose Metabolites ◽  
Derivatives Of

Rapid transport of lactate from activated brain regions to blood, perhaps reflecting enhanced metabolite trafficking, would prevent local trapping of labeled metabolites of [6-14C]glucose and cause underestimation of calculated CMRglc. Because the identities of glucose metabolites lost from activated structures and major routes of their removal are not known, arteriovenous differences across brains of conscious normoxic rats for derivatives of [6-14C]glucose were determined under steady-state conditions in blood during K+-induced spreading cortical depression. Lactate was identified as the major labeled product lost from brain. Its entry to blood was detected within 2 minutes after a pulse of [6-14C]glucose, and it accounted for 96% of the 14C lost from brain within approximately 8 minutes. Lactate efflux corresponded to 20% of glucose influx, but accounted for only half the magnitude of underestimation of CMRglc when [14C]glucose is the tracer, suggesting extensive [14C]lactate trafficking within brain. [14C]Lactate spreading within brain is consistent with (1) relatively uniform pattern labeling of K+-treated cerebral cortex by [6-14C]glucose contrasting heterogeneous labeling by [14C]deoxyglucose, and (2) transport of 14C-labeled lactate and inulin up to 1.5 and 2.4 mm, respectively, within 10 minutes. Thus, newly synthesized lactate exported from activated cells rapidly flows to blood and probably other brain structures.

scholarly journals Migraine with Prolonged Aura: Correlation of Clinical and EEG Features

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Ogunyemi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Spreading Cortical Depression ◽  
Eeg Abnormalities ◽  
Cortical Depression ◽  
Eeg Changes ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Brain

Migraine with prolonged aura has rarely been examined with regard to the sequence of the neurological symptoms and the associated EEG changes. This report describes five patients who underwent clinical assessment and EEG recordings during attacks of migraine with prolonged aura. CT scan of the brain was obtained in four of them. Follow-up EEG was also obtained. The aura symptoms either preceded the headache or were coincident with it. The aura symptoms evolved in a manner consistent with posterior-to-anterior dysfunction of the cerebral cortex. The EEG abnormalities were non-epileptiform and consisted of focal delta slow waves or theta slow waves. The EEG abnormalities showed good correlation with the patients' aura symptoms and resolved when the patients became symptom free. The posterior-to-anterior sequence of the aura symptoms is in accord with the findings during cerebral blood flow studies in patients having migraine with aura. Also the symptoms and EEG changes in our patients indicate dysfunction of the cerebral cortex, consistent with the notion that spreading cortical depression may be the underlying pathophysiological event in migraine with aura.

scholarly journals Zinc and Copper Brain Levels and Expression of Neurotransmitter Receptors in Two Rat ASD Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Zieminska ◽  
Anna Ruszczynska ◽  
Justyna Augustyniak ◽  
Beata Toczylowska ◽  
Jerzy W. Lazarewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Dopaminergic Receptors ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pregnant Mothers ◽  
Serotoninergic Receptors

Zinc and copper are important trace elements necessary for the proper functioning of neurons. Impaired zinc and/or copper metabolism and signaling are implicated in many brain diseases, including autism (ASD). In our studies, autistic-like behavior in rat offsprings was induced by application to pregnant mothers valproic acid or thalidomide. Zinc and copper contents were measured in serum and brain structures: hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. Our research shows no interconnections in the particular metal concentrations measured in autistic animal brains and their sera. Based on patient researches, we studied 26 genes belonging to disturbed neurotransmitter pathways. In the same brain regions, we examined the expression of genes encoding proteins of cholinergic, adrenergic, serotonin, and dopamine receptors. In both rats’ ASD models, 17 out of the tested gene expression were decreased. In the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, expression of genes encoding cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic receptors decreased, whereas in the hippocampus only expression of serotoninergic receptors genes was downregulated. The changes in metals content observed in the rat brain can be secondary phenomena, perhaps elements of mechanisms that compensate for neurotransmission dysfunctions.

Effects of Xenon on Cerebral Blood Flow and Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Frietsch ◽  
Ralph Bogdanski ◽  
Manfred Blobner ◽  
Christian Werner ◽  
Wolfgang Kuschinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Local Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cerebral Glucose Utilization ◽  
Local Brain

Background The effects of xenon inhalation on mean and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean and local cerebral glucose utilization (CGU) were investigated using iodo-[14C]antipyrine and [14C]deoxyglucose autoradiography. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: conscious controls (n = 12); 30% (n = 12) or 70% xenon (n = 12) for 45 min for the measurement of local CBF and CGU; or 70% xenon for 2 min (n = 6) or 5 min (n = 6) for the measurement of local CBF only. Results Compared with conscious controls, steady state inhalation of 30 or 70% xenon did not result in changes of either local or mean CBF. However, mean CBF increased by 48 and 37% after 2 and 5 min of 70% xenon short inhalation, which was entirely caused by an increased local CBF in cortical brain regions. Mean CGU determined during steady state 30 or 70% xenon inhalation remained unchanged, although local CGU decreased in 7 (30% xenon) and 18 (70% xenon) of the 40 examined brain regions. The correlation between CBF and CGU in 40 local brain structures was maintained during steady state inhalation of both 30 and 70% xenon inhalation, although at an increased slope at 70% xenon. Conclusion Effects of 70% xenon inhalation on CBF in rats are time-dependent. During steady state xenon inhalation (45 min), mean values of CBF and CGU do not differ from control values, and the relation of regional CBF to CGU is maintained, although reset at a higher level.

Changes in Cortical pH and Blood Flow Accompanying Spreading Cortical Depression and Convulsion

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Tschirgi ◽  
Kazutoyo Inanaga ◽  
J. Langdon Taylor ◽  
Robert M. Walker ◽  
Ralph R. Sonnenschein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Neuronal Membranes ◽  
Spreading Cortical Depression ◽  
Cortical Depression

Local changes in cerebral cortex hydrogen ion concentration of as much as 0.5 ph units were observed to accompany the waves of cortical spreading depression or convulsion in cats and rabbits. A diphasic wave consisting of an initial alkaline followed by a more prolonged acid shift was observed in most cases. No significant differences were found between the ph changes accompanying spreading depression and those accompanying spreading convulsion. These ph shifts, like the abnormal ECG activity and the slowly changing potential wave which accompanied them, spread over the surface of the cerebral cortex with a velocity of 1–3 mm/min. The curve of cortical ph change is coincident with, and similar in shape to, the slowly changing potential difference measured between a point on the cortical surface and the jugular blood. For every unit change in ph, the cortex-blood P.D. is shifted approximately 30 mv. It is suggested that the slowly changing potential difference arises across the blood-brain barrier rather than as a result of depolarization of neuronal membranes. A significant but variable change in local blood flow accompanied the spreading depression.

scholarly journals Dissociable Mechanisms of Verbal Working Memory Revealed through Multivariate Lesion Mapping

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 2542-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghaleh ◽  
Elizabeth H Lacey ◽  
Mackenzie E Fama ◽  
Zainab Anbari ◽  
Andrew T DeMarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract Two maintenance mechanisms with separate neural systems have been suggested for verbal working memory: articulatory-rehearsal and non-articulatory maintenance. Although lesion data would be key to understanding the essential neural substrates of these systems, there is little evidence from lesion studies that the two proposed mechanisms crucially rely on different neuroanatomical substrates. We examined 39 healthy adults and 71 individuals with chronic left-hemisphere stroke to determine if verbal working memory tasks with varying demands would rely on dissociable brain structures. Multivariate lesion–symptom mapping was used to identify the brain regions involved in each task, controlling for spatial working memory scores. Maintenance of verbal information relied on distinct brain regions depending on task demands: sensorimotor cortex under higher demands and superior temporal gyrus (STG) under lower demands. Inferior parietal cortex and posterior STG were involved under both low and high demands. These results suggest that maintenance of auditory information preferentially relies on auditory-phonological storage in the STG via a nonarticulatory maintenance when demands are low. Under higher demands, sensorimotor regions are crucial for the articulatory rehearsal process, which reduces the reliance on STG for maintenance. Lesions to either of these regions impair maintenance of verbal information preferentially under the appropriate task conditions.

scholarly journals Diversity of neurovascular coupling dynamics along vascular arbors in layer II/III somatosensory cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi L. Rungta ◽  
Marc Zuend ◽  
Ali-Kemal Aydin ◽  
Éric Martineau ◽  
Davide Boido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Neurovascular Coupling ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Blood Velocity ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Vascular Events

AbstractThe spatial-temporal sequence of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and blood velocity changes triggered by neuronal activation is critical for understanding functional brain imaging. This sequence follows a stereotypic pattern of changes across different zones of the vasculature in the olfactory bulb, the first relay of olfaction. However, in the cerebral cortex, where most human brain mapping studies are performed, the timing of activity evoked vascular events remains controversial. Here we utilized a single whisker stimulation model to map out functional hyperemia along vascular arbours from layer II/III to the surface of primary somatosensory cortex, in anesthetized and awake Thy1-GCaMP6 mice. We demonstrate that sensory stimulation triggers an increase in blood velocity within the mid-capillary bed and a dilation of upstream large capillaries, and the penetrating and pial arterioles. We report that under physiological stimulation, response onset times are highly variable across compartments of different vascular arbours. Furthermore, generating transfer functions (TFs) between neuronal Ca2+ and vascular dynamics across different brain states demonstrates that anesthesia decelerates neurovascular coupling (NVC). This spatial-temporal pattern of vascular events demonstrates functional diversity not only between different brain regions but also at the level of different vascular arbours within supragranular layers of the cerebral cortex.

Sleep Duration, Sleep Apnea, and Gray Matter Volume

2021 ◽  
pp. 089198872098891
Author(s):  
Regina Eun Young Kim ◽  
Robert Douglas Abbott ◽  
Soriul Kim ◽  
Robert Joseph Thomas ◽  
Chang-Ho Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Bootstrap Sampling ◽  
Matter Volume

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sleep duration on brain structures in the presence versus absence of sleep apnea in middle-aged and older individuals. The study investigated a population-based sample of 2,560 individuals, aged 49-80 years. The presence of sleep apnea and self-reported sleep duration were examined in relation to gray matter volume (GMV) in total and lobar brain regions. We identified ranges of sleep duration associated with maximal GMV using quadratic regression and bootstrap sampling. A significant quadratic association between sleep duration and GMV was observed in total and lobar brain regions of men with sleep apnea. In the fully adjusted model, optimal sleep durations associated with peak GMV between brain regions ranged from 6.7 to 7.0 hours. Shorter and longer sleep durations were associated with lower GMV in total and 4 sub-regions of the brain in men with sleep apnea.

Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the Distal-less-related gene Dlx5

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (17) ◽  
pp. 3795-3809 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Acampora ◽  
G.R. Merlo ◽  
L. Paleari ◽  
B. Zerega ◽  
M.P. Postiglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Lacz Gene ◽  
Vestibular Organ ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Homeobox Protein ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Delayed Ossification ◽  
Newborn Animals

The Dlx5 gene encodes a Distal-less-related DNA-binding homeobox protein first expressed during early embryonic development in anterior regions of the mouse embryo. In later developmental stages, it appears in the branchial arches, the otic and olfactory placodes and their derivatives, in restricted brain regions, in all extending appendages and in all developing bones. We have created a null allele of the mouse Dlx5 gene by replacing exons I and II with the E. coli lacZ gene. Heterozygous mice appear normal. Beta-galactosidase activity in Dlx5+/− embryos and newborn animals reproduces the known pattern of expression of the gene. Homozygous mutants die shortly after birth with a swollen abdomen. They present a complex phenotype characterised by craniofacial abnormalities affecting derivatives of the first four branchial arches, severe malformations of the vestibular organ, a delayed ossification of the roof of the skull and abnormal osteogenesis. No obvious defect was observed in the patterning of limbs and other appendages. The defects observed in Dlx5−/− mutant animals suggest multiple and independent roles of this gene in the patterning of the branchial arches, in the morphogenesis of the vestibular organ and in osteoblast differentiation.

Intranasal administration of mitochondria improves spatial memory in olfactory bulbectomized mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 153537022110568
Author(s):  
Natalia V Bobkova ◽  
Daria Y Zhdanova ◽  
Natalia V Belosludtseva ◽  
Nikita V Penkov ◽  
Galina D Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Hippocampal Cell Culture ◽  
The Brain

Here, we found that functionally active mitochondria isolated from the brain of NMRI donor mice and administrated intranasally to recipient mice penetrated the brain structures in a dose-dependent manner. The injected mitochondria labeled with the MitoTracker Red localized in different brain regions, including the neocortex and hippocampus, which are responsible for memory and affected by degeneration in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In behavioral experiments, intranasal microinjections of brain mitochondria of native NMRI mice improved spatial memory in the olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice with Alzheimer’s type degeneration. Control OBX mice demonstrated loss of spatial memory tested in the Morris water maze. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that allogeneic mitochondria colocalized with the markers of astrocytes and neurons in hippocampal cell culture. The results suggest that a non-invasive route intranasal administration of mitochondria may be a promising approach to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases characterized, like Alzheimer's disease, by mitochondrial dysfunction.

scholarly journals Multi-scale analysis of schizophrenia risk genes, brain structure, and clinical symptoms reveals integrative clues for subtyping schizophrenia patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 678-687
Author(s):  
Liang Ma ◽  
Edmund T Rolls ◽  
Xiuqin Liu ◽  
Yuting Liu ◽  
Zeyu Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Risk Genes ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Multi Scale Analysis

AbstractAnalysis linking directly genomics, neuroimaging phenotypes and clinical measurements is crucial for understanding psychiatric disorders, but remains rare. Here, we describe a multi-scale analysis using genome-wide SNPs, gene expression, grey matter volume (GMV), and the positive and negative syndrome scale scores (PANSS) to explore the etiology of schizophrenia. With 72 drug-naive schizophrenic first episode patients (FEPs) and 73 matched heathy controls, we identified 108 genes, from schizophrenia risk genes, that correlated significantly with GMV, which are highly co-expressed in the brain during development. Among these 108 candidates, 19 distinct genes were found associated with 16 brain regions referred to as hot clusters (HCs), primarily in the frontal cortex, sensory-motor regions and temporal and parietal regions. The patients were subtyped into three groups with distinguishable PANSS scores by the GMV of the identified HCs. Furthermore, we found that HCs with common GMV among patient groups are related to genes that mostly mapped to pathways relevant to neural signaling, which are associated with the risk for schizophrenia. Our results provide an integrated view of how genetic variants may affect brain structures that lead to distinct disease phenotypes. The method of multi-scale analysis that was described in this research, may help to advance the understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.

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