scholarly journals Female in-nest chatter song increases predation

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20150513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Kleindorfer ◽  
Christine Evans ◽  
Katharina Mahr
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Fertile Period ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Song Rate ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Malurus Cyaneus

Female song is an ancestral trait in songbirds, yet extant females generally sing less than males. Here, we examine sex differences in the predation cost of singing behaviour. The superb fairy-wren ( Malurus cyaneus ) is a Southern Hemisphere songbird; males and females provision the brood and produce solo song year-round. Both sexes had higher song rate during the fertile period and lower song rate during incubation and chick feeding. Females were more likely than males to sing close to or inside the nest. For this reason, female but not male song rate predicted egg and nestling predation. This study identifies a high fitness cost of song when a parent bird attends offspring inside a nest and explains gender differences in singing when there are gender differences in parental care.

Sex Differences in Interpreting Male-Female Dyad Interactions: Males' Predominance in Perceiving Sexual Intent

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij ◽  
Emma Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Rape Myths ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Sexual Intent ◽  
Female Dyad ◽  
Acceptance Scale ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact

Astudy is reported investigating gender differences in judging the behaviour of males and females during mixed-dyad conversations and the impact of the endorsement of rape myths in explaining these gender differences. A total of 51 males and 40 females watched a videotape of a male actor and female actor verbally interacting in a social environment and were asked to give their impression about this interaction. They were also requested to fill in the Rape Myths Acceptance Scale (1980). Results revealed that compared to females, males had a stronger tendency to see the interaction in sexual terms. Also, male participants endorsed rape myths more strongly. Finally, gender differences in rape myth endorsements accounted for gender differences in perceiving male-female mixed-dyad interactions to alimited extent. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Gender, Life Domains, and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: A Partial Test of Agnew’s General Theory of Crime and Delinquency

2022 ◽  
pp. 002242782110489
Author(s):  
Fawn T. Ngo ◽  
Egbert Zavala ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Life Domain ◽  
Life Domains ◽  
General Theory Of Crime ◽  
Theory Of Crime ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Crime And Delinquency

Objectives We assess the proposed mechanisms outlined in Agnew’s General Theory of Crime and Delinquency about gender differences in crime and deviance (gender differences are due to differences between males and females in their standing on the life domains or differences in the effect of the life domains on the phenomenon among males and females) in accounting for sex differences in intimate partner violence (IPV) among a sample of young adults. Methods Drawing data from the International Dating Violence Study (IDVS) and employing the negative binomial regression method, we examined the effects of six self-domains, four family domains, one school/work domain, and one peer domain measures on IPV. Results Although males reported a higher frequency across all five life domains compared to females, the number of life domain variables that were significantly related to IPV among females was greater than the number among males. Further, the effects of the life domain variables on IPV were different for males and females with the peer variable (criminal peers) exhibiting the greatest effect on IPV among males and the self-domain (anger issues) demonstrating the greatest effect on IPV among females. Conclusions Agnew’s theory is well suited to assess sex differences in IPV.

scholarly journals Sex and Gender Differences Research Design for Basic, Clinical, and Population Studies: Essentials for Investigators

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet W Rich-Edwards ◽  
Ursula B Kaiser ◽  
Grace L Chen ◽  
JoAnn E Manson ◽  
Jill M Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences

Abstract A sex- and gender-informed perspective increases rigor, promotes discovery, and expands the relevance of biomedical research. In the current era of accountability to present data for males and females, thoughtful and deliberate methodology can improve study design and inference in sex and gender differences research. We address issues of motivation, subject selection, sample size, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, considering implications for basic, clinical, and population research. In particular, we focus on methods to test sex/gender differences as effect modification or interaction, and discuss why some inferences from sex-stratified data should be viewed with caution. Without careful methodology, the pursuit of sex difference research, despite a mandate from funding agencies, will result in a literature of contradiction. However, given the historic lack of attention to sex differences, the absence of evidence for sex differences is not necessarily evidence of the absence of sex differences. Thoughtfully conceived and conducted sex and gender differences research is needed to drive scientific and therapeutic discovery for all sexes and genders.

ICT and Women Empowerment in a Rural Setting in India

2012 ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirupama Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Culturally Based ◽  
Normative Expectations ◽  
Males And Females

The term “gender” is used to refer to behavioral differences between males and females that are culturally based and socially learned. Cultures differ widely in their norms and values regarding gender roles, the normative expectations concerning appropriately “masculine” or “feminine” behavior in a particular culture. The terms “male” and “female” are used for sex differences that are biological in origin, while the terms “masculine” and “feminine” refer to the corresponding culturally specific gender differences that are social in origin (Appelbaum & Chambliss, 1995).

THE STRUCTURE OF MASCULINITY-FEMININITY: MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND GENDER DIFFERENCES

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyse Sutherland Ratliff ◽  
James Conley
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Psychological Androgyny ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

In an investigation of the structure of sex role self-descriptors, the responses of 176 female and 103 male undergraduates to the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were factor analyzed. Seven factors emerged: Personal Warmth, Social Dominance, Autonomy, Affect, M-F, Vulnerability, and Responsibility, four of which are composed of sex-typed BSRI items. Sex differences were found in the scores on the Personal Warmth and M-F factors, and somewhat different factor structures emerged for males than for females. Scores on the Social Dominance factor were found to be very strongly correlated with the androgyny scores of both males and females. The BSRI appears to be heterogeneous in content, and the structure of sex role self-descriptors is more complex than the conception of independent “masculine” and “feminine” dimensions. The analysis of the BSRI according to specific content factors may provide explanations for some of the findings of research on psychological androgyny.

scholarly journals Degree of anisogamy is unrelated to the intensity of sexual selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit Mokos ◽  
István Scheuring ◽  
András Liker ◽  
Robert P. Freckleton ◽  
Tamás Székely
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractMales and females often display different behaviours and, in the context of reproduction, these behaviours are labelled sex roles. The Darwin–Bateman paradigm argues that the root of these differences is anisogamy (i.e., differences in size and/or function of gametes between the sexes) that leads to biased sexual selection, and sex differences in parental care and body size. This evolutionary cascade, however, is contentious since some of the underpinning assumptions have been questioned. Here we investigate the relationships between anisogamy, sexual size dimorphism, sex difference in parental care and intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 64 species from a wide range of animal taxa. The results question the first step of the Darwin–Bateman paradigm, as the extent of anisogamy does not appear to predict the intensity of sexual selection. The only significant predictor of sexual selection is the relative inputs of males and females into the care of offspring. We propose that ecological factors, life-history and demography have more substantial impacts on contemporary sex roles than the differences of gametic investments between the sexes.

Parental roles and mating system in the black-winged stilt

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Cuervo
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Fertile Period ◽  
Parental Roles ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding behaviour of black-winged stilts (Himantopus himantopus) was studied in southwestern Spain. In the prelaying period males devoted more time than females to agonistic encounters, locomotion, and nest building. During egg laying, males spent more time than females at the nest, mostly building the nest and covering the eggs, while females spent more time foraging than males. During late incubation, females spent significantly more time at the nest than males. These results suggest very similar parental investment by the sexes. During part of the female's fertile period, males stayed at the nest while females were foraging, which precluded efficient mate guarding. However, females were reluctant to engage in extra-pair copulations, being always very aggressive towards conspecifics except for their mates. Even in two cases of extra-pair copulation, the first described for this species, the female continuously attacked the intrusive male and did not cooperate in copulation. Male parental care seems to be essential for reproductive success and females are probably faithful in order to assure male parental investment. The need for parental care from both males and females would maintain social, and perhaps also genetic, monogamy in this species.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals Sex Difference in Self-Reported Sexual Functioning Among Frail Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 313-313
Author(s):  
Brianne Olivieri-Mui ◽  
Sandra Shi ◽  
Ellen McCarthy ◽  
Dae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Sexual Functioning ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Frailty may differentially impact how older adult males and females perceive sexual functioning, an important part of well-being. We assessed the level of frailty (robust, pre-frail, frail) for anyone with data on 11 sexual functioning questions asked in wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project, 2010-2011 (n=2060). Questions covered five domains: overall sexual function (OSF), sexual function anxiety (SFA), changes in sexual function (CSF), erectile/vaginal dysfunction (EVD), and masturbation. Logistic regression identified sex differences in frailty and reporting worse sexual functioning. Linear regression predicted the number of domains reported as worse. Among males (n=1057), pre-frailty meant higher odds of reporting SFA (OR 1.8 95%CI 1.2-6.6), CSF (OR 1.7 95%CI 1.1-2.7), and EVD (OR 1.5 95%CI 1.0-2.2). Among females (n=1003), there was no difference in reporting by frailty. Females were more likely to report worse OSF (Robust: OR 7.4, 95%CI 4.8-11.4; Pre-frail: OR 6.2, 95%CI 3.9-9.9; Frail: OR 3.4 95%CI 1.7-6.6), but less likely to report SFA (Robust OR .3, 95%CI .2-.5; Pre-frail OR .2, 95%CI .1-.3; Frail OR .2 95%CI .1-.3). Pre-frail and frail females reported fewer domains as worse (Pre-frail coefficient -0.21 SE 0.09, Frail -0.43 SE 0.14). As frailty worsened, males reported more domains as worse (Pre-frail 0.24 SE 0.07, Frail 0.29 SE 0.08). Self-reported sexual functioning differs by sex at all levels of frailty, and reporting by males, but not females, changes with frailty. Providers should be aware that sexual functioning is of importance to both sexes despite varying degrees of frailty.

scholarly journals Stem cell treatment improves post stroke neurological outcomes: a comparative study in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000834
Author(s):  
Koteswara Rao Nalamolu ◽  
Bharath Chelluboina ◽  
Casimir A Fornal ◽  
Siva Reddy Challa ◽  
David M Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females

Background and purposeThe therapeutic potential of different stem cells for ischaemic stroke treatment is intriguing and somewhat controversial. Recent results from our laboratory have demonstrated the potential benefits of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in a rodent stroke model. We hypothesised that MSC treatment would effectively promote the recovery of sensory and motor function in both males and females, despite any apparent sex differences in post stroke brain injury.MethodsTransient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Following the procedure, male and female rats of the untreated group were euthanised 1 day after reperfusion and their brains were used to estimate the resulting infarct volume and tissue swelling. Additional groups of stroke-induced male and female rats were treated with MSC or vehicle and were subsequently subjected to a battery of standard neurological/neurobehavioral tests (Modified Neurological Severity Score assessment, adhesive tape removal, beam walk and rotarod). The tests were administered at regular intervals (at days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after reperfusion to determine the time course of neurological and functional recovery after stroke.ResultsThe infarct volume and extent of swelling of the ischaemic brain were similar in males and females. Despite similar pathological stroke lesions, the clinical manifestations of stroke were more pronounced in males than females, as indicated by the neurological scores and other tests. MSC treatment significantly improved the recovery of sensory and motor function in both sexes, and it demonstrated efficacy in both moderate stroke (females) and severe stroke (males).ConclusionsDespite sex differences in the severity of post stroke outcomes, MSC treatment promoted the recovery of sensory and motor function in male and female rats, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for stroke.

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