scholarly journals Multiple cleaner species provide simultaneous services to coral reef fish clients

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 20200723
Author(s):  
Amelia Rose ◽  
Benjamin M. Titus ◽  
Joseph Romain ◽  
Clayton Vondriska ◽  
Dan A. Exton
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Tropical Coral ◽  
Ideal Model System ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Cleaning Stations ◽  
Fish Clients

Cleaning symbioses on tropical coral reefs are typically documented between two species: a single client fish and one or more conspecific cleaners. However, multiple cleaner species living sympatrically in the Caribbean have been anecdotally reported to simultaneously clean the same client. Nothing is known about the patterns and processes driving these interactions, which may differ from those involving a single cleaner species. Here, we used remote underwater videography on three reefs in Honduras to record simultaneous cleaning interactions involving Pederson's cleaner shrimp ( Ancylomenes pedersoni ) and cleaner gobies ( Elacatinus spp.). A pilot study on adjacent shrimp and goby stations found interactions were always initiated by shrimp. A larger, multi-year dataset shows cleaner gobies joined 28% of all interactions initiated at A. pedersoni cleaning stations with cleaner gobies residing nearby. Client body size significantly predicted simultaneous cleaning interactions, with 45% of interactions simultaneous for clients greater than 20 cm total body length compared with only 8% for clients less than 20 cm. We also found that simultaneous cleaning interactions lasted over twice as long as shrimp-only interactions. We propose these novel multi-species interactions to be an ideal model system to explore broader questions about coexistence, niche overlap and functional redundancy among sympatric cleaner species.

scholarly journals The vulnerability of species to range expansions by predators can be predicted using historical species associations and body size

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20151211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Alofs ◽  
Donald A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Historical Range

Climate change threatens species directly through environmental changes and indirectly through its effects on species interactions. We need tools to predict which species are most vulnerable to these threats. Pairwise species associations and body size are simple but promising predictors of the relative impact of species introduced outside of their historical ranges. We examined the vulnerability of 30 fish species to the impacts of three centrarchid predators that are being introduced to lakes north of their historical range boundaries. Species that were negatively associated with each centrarchid in their historical range were more likely to be lost from lakes with centrarchid introductions. Total body length was most important in predicting impact for the most gape-limited predator. At the regional scale, our method identifies those species most vulnerable to introductions facilitated by climate change and can easily be applied to a range of taxa undergoing range expansions.

scholarly journals Functional traits shape small mammal-helminth network: patterns and processes in species interactions

Parasitology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Thiago dos Santos Cardoso ◽  
Cecilia Siliansky de Andreazzi ◽  
Arnaldo Maldonado Junior ◽  
Rosana Gentile
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Network Patterns

Reflecting materials in the eyes of three teleosts, Orthopristes chrysopterus, Dorosoma cepedianum and Anchoa mitchilli

1973 ◽  
Vol 184 (1074) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Gizzard Shad ◽  
Dorosoma Cepedianum ◽  
Anchoa Mitchilli ◽  
First Report ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Bay Anchovy

The tapeta lucida of three species of teleosts were examined to determine the composition of the reflecting material. The fishes were bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli (Engraulidae), gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Clupeidae) and pigfish Orthopristes chrysopterus (Haemulidae). The tapetum of each species was situated in the pigment epithelium of the eye. That of the pigfish contained triglycerides identified as chiefly glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate. A reduced pteridine, 7, 8-dihydroxanthopterin, occurred in the tapetum of the gizzard shad. Guanine occurred in the tapetum of the bay anchovy. The tapetum of the shad contained brightly reflecting particles about 0.5 μm in diameter There were 10.8 mg of dihydroxanthopterin in the tapetum of a shad (total body length 23 cm) and 0.46 mg of guanine in the tapetum of an anchovy (total body length 9 cm). This is the first report of a pteridine acting as a retinal reflector in vertebrates. Various aspects of retinal reflectors of teleosts are discussed and their variety and common characteristics commented upon.

Analisis Akustik Target Strength Penyu Hijau (Chelonia Mydas) Melalui Pengukuran Secara Terkontrol Pada Frekuensi 200 kHz

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Teddy Julyansyah ◽  
Deddy Bakhtiar ◽  
Ari Anggoro
Keyword(s):  
Green Turtle ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Acoustic Method ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Acoustic Backscattering ◽  
Total Length ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACT Turtles are reptiles that live in the sea and are able to migrate over long distances along the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia. Currently the number of turtle populations in nature has greatly decreased. This population decline is caused by natural factors and human activities that endanger the population directly or indirectly. At this time the tagging set technique (ID tag code) is a method that is often used to detect the presence of turtles by attaching tags to female turtles who are landing to lay eggs on the beach or while in captivity or the discovery of the mother turtle by fishermen. One other method that can be used to detect the presence of turtles is to use the acoustic method. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the acoustic backscattering energy of the green turtle (Chelonia mydes) and to analyze the relationship between target strength and total body length of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas). This research was conducted in the Tapak Paderi waters pond, Bengkulu City, in August-October 2020. The average target strength (TS) value for green turtles was -48.07 dB. Based on the regression equation, the value of determination (R2) obtained is 0.78. Where this value shows that the total length of the green turtle has an effect of 78% on the average target strength (TS) value, while for 22% it is caused by other factors such as body shape, environmental factors and other factors. Based on the ANOVA test, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the total length and the value of the target strength (TS) on the green turtle or the value of the total length has an influence on the value of the target strength (TS) on the green turtle.  

Steinernema loci sp. n. and Steinernema thanhi sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Vietnam

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Moens ◽  
Ngoc Chau Nguyen ◽  
Ke Long Phan
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Lateral Field ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Spicule Length ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Total Body

AbstractTwo new species of Steinernema (Rhabditida), Steinernema loci sp. n. and S. thanhi sp. n., were isolated from beach soil in Thanhhoa and Hatinh provinces in the northern part of Vietnam. A combination of morphological, morphometric and rDNA-RFLP features indicated the distinctness of both species from other Steinernema spp. Diagnostic characters of Steinernema loci sp. n. include: total body length (896-1072 μm), distance from anterior end to excretory pore (EP = 71-86 μm), tail length (66-83 μm), lateral field in mid-body with eight ridges (nine distinct lines) and rounded, broad and smooth anterior end of the third stage infective juvenile; first generation males were characterised by body width, spicule length and the ratio spicule length : anal body width (SW). Diagnostic characters of Steinernema thanhi sp. n. third stage infective juveniles include: total body length (720-960 μm), EP (68-84 μm), tail length (52-72 μm), lateral field in mid-body with eight ridges (nine distinct lines) and rounded, broad and smooth anterior end. Spicule length, ratio SW and arrangement of genital papillae characterised the first generation males.

scholarly journals Variation in body size of Phanocerus clavicornis Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae) in Atlantic Rainforest streams in response to hydraulic disturbance

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO. Segura ◽  
T. Siqueira ◽  
AA. Fonseca-Gessner
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Head Width ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Rain Events

In this study, patterns of body size of Phanocerus clavicornis Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae) were investigated along a gradient of change in speed of flow conditions in streams of low order in the Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, the hypothesis that the distribution of P. clavicornis larvae vary in size in response to variations in the speed of flow in streams was tested. A Surber sampler was used to collect larvae from the streambed during two sampling periods, defined by the rain regime: August in the dry season and February in the rainy season. Possible differences in mean measured body size were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA result indicated for all measurements on the larvae collected in first-order streams (head width, prothoracic width and total body length), there were significant differences indicating a morphometric variation due to changing hydraulic conditions, the smallest larvae being associated with the period of greater rainfall. However, the larger streams (3rd order), where the rain events had less impact on the larval size, varied widely. The results of this study suggest that the interstitial space is important for the protection of the larvae from water flow, and that populations of P. clavicornis have high plasticity, a key feature for the occupation of unstable environments for this species. These results are important for an understanding of the life history and behavioural characteristics of the species, which allow them to persist in streams along a gradient of flow disturbance.

scholarly journals Abdominal Distension Associated with Luminal Fungi in the Intestines of Axolotl Larvae

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Chiara Zullian ◽  
Aurore Dodelet-Devillers ◽  
Stéphane Roy ◽  
Pierre Hélie ◽  
Pascal Vachon
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Light Darkness ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Plastic Containers

Axolotls show a remarkable regeneration capacity compared with higher vertebrates, regenerating missing appendages such as limbs and tail as well as other body parts (i.e., apex of the heart, forebrain, and jaw) after amputations which makes this animal a very interesting research model for tissue regeneration mechanisms. Larvae are individually housed in a 20% Holtfreter’s solution within clear plastic containers. The photoperiod light : darkness cycle is 12 : 12 h. Larvae with a total body length of less than 5 cm are fed once a day with large brine shrimp and blood worm. Albino larvae appeared to have a tendency to exhibit abdominal distention. No clinical signs of illness seemed to be associated with the condition; however, these animals exhibit a relatively slower growth rate. To better characterize this condition, we performed histological sectioning for cross sectional slide preparation on wild type and albino axolotl larvae following euthanasia. The only lesion seen in the albino larvae was a thickened gut wall and the presence of fungi within the intestines. We hypothesize that this may be due to a lower efficacy of the albino larvae’s immune system.

Kroyeria caseyi sp.nov. (Kroyeriidae: Siphonostomatoida), a parasitic copepod infesting gills of night sharks (Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)) in the western North Atlantic

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2492-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Gregory B. Deets
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genital Complex ◽  
Total Body

Kroyeria caseyi sp.nov. (Kroyeriidae: Siphonostomatoida) is described from male and female specimens collected from gills of night sharks (Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)) captured in the western North Atlantic. Kroyeria caseyi is the only known member of the Kroyeriidae that is a mesoparasite, females being found partially embedded in the interbranchial septa of their hosts. Kroyeria caseyi is easily distinguished from other Kroyeria species by the armature of its swimming legs. Additionally, the genital complex of female K. caseyi is extremely long, composing up to 96% of the total body length. With some females reaching over 6 cm long, K. caseyi dwarfs all known congeners. First-stage nauplii collected from ruptured egg sacs are also described.

Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Romania. The genus Enchodelus Thorne, 1939. 3. Species with rounded tail and long odontostyle

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Ciobanu ◽  
Iuliana Popovici ◽  
Pablo Guerrero ◽  
Reyes Peña-Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Genital System ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Female Tail ◽  
Female Genital System ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Three species of the genus Enchodelus, one new and two known, from natural areas in Romania are studied. Enchodelus carpaticus sp. n. is distinguished by its body 1.59-1.87 mm long, lip region offset by a marked depression and 17-20 μm diam., odontostyle 39.5-47 μm long and 2.1-2.5 lip region diam. or 2.3-2.8% of total body length, odontophore 42-51 μm long and with distinct basal flanges, neck 336-388 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 136-167 μm long or 39-45% of total neck length, presence of dorsal cell mass near cardia, female genital system amphidelphic, uterus tripartite and 144-195 μm long or 2.2-2.9 times the corresponding body diam., pars refringens vaginae with two trapezoidal sclerotisations, V = 42-50, and female tail short and rounded (21-29 μm long, c = 55-87, c′ = 0.5-0.7). Additional data, including LM pictures, are presented for E. macrodorus and E. saxifragae.

IDIOPATHIC CELIAC DISEASE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-223
Author(s):  
DOROTHY H. ANDERSEN ◽  
PAUL A. DI SANT'AGNES
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Prodromal Symptom ◽  
Total Serum Protein ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Diagnostic Usefulness ◽  
Total Body

The acute phase of idiopathic celiac disease was studied in 58 patients. The criteria for selection of these cases are stated. The frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in siblings and other relatives appeared to exceed expectation unless the disease is familial. In the majority of patients studied, symptoms began before the age of 6 months, in 14 at birth. Vomiting was a frequent prodromal symptom. Breast feeding for more than two months was shown to delay the onset of diarrhea. The early onset of symptoms in the present series is believed to be related to the prevalence of formula feeding from early infancy in New York City at present. Severe retardation in growth of the skull was common and occurred at an earlier age than retardation in height. This, at times, led to disproportion between measurements for total body length and head circumference. Ultimate head measurements were normal. The following laboratory procedures were performed in the patients under consideration and their results recorded: pancreatic trypsin and amylase estimation on duodenal drainage, glucose tolerance tests, fecal fat determination, total serum protein, serum carotene and vitamin A levels and vitamin A absorption test. The diagnostic usefulness of these procedures is discussed. Various diseases of infancy which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of idiopathic celiac disease are discussed.

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