scholarly journals John Jackson, 1887-1958

1960 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 95-106

John Jackson was born on 11 February 1887, the fifth of eight children born to Matthew Jackson and Jeannie ( née Millar). His father was a skilled mechanic, a craftsman who could have risen if he had not preferred practical work to directing and supervising other workmen. His parents were keen on education and encouraged their children to take advantage of such opportunities for higher education as were available. Jackson’s elder brother, Robert, after obtaining the M.A. degree at the University of Glasgow, became classical master at Paisley Grammar School. Jackson’s early education was at the North Public School, Paisley, 1892-1899, and then at the Camphill Public School, 1899-1900. At the age of 13 he entered the Paisley Grammar School, where he took a curriculum including French and German as well as science subjects, but not including Latin or Greek. There had evidently at that time been no intention of proceeding to the University, as Latin (or Greek) was then compulsory for the entrance examination. When Jackson left school in 1903 at the age of 16, he had done well in the science subjects and in particular in chemistry. He decided to try for the entrance examination at the University of Glasgow despite his ignorance of the classics. He had done a little Latin before entering the Paisley Grammar School, and during the summer holidays of 1903 he studied hard to improve his knowledge of the subject. He managed to pass the entrance examination for the University sufficiently well to be awarded a £25 bursary. At that time the Carnegie Trust for Scottish Universities provided funds to pay the class fees which made it financially possible for Jackson to enter the University. He had considered chemistry to be his best subject and had intended to continue its study as his principal subject at the University.

Francis Darwin, the third son of Charles Darwin, was born at Down on August 16, 1848; he died at Cambridge on September 19, 1925. In his ‘Recollections' (one of the essays in “Spring-time and other Essays” (1920)) he says that he was christened at Malvern—“a fact in which I had a certain unaccountable pride. But now my only sensation is one of surprise at having been christened at all, and a wish that I had received some other name." When he was twelve years old he went to the Grammar School at Clapham kept by the Rev. Charles Pritchard, who became Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford. This school was selected on account of its nearness to Down, and also because it “had the merit of giving more mathematics and science than could then be found in public schools.” He was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1866, where, in those more peaceful days, from his bedroom he heard the nightingales sing through the happy May nights. He described the teaching of biology at Cambridge as being “in a somewhat dead condition. Indeed, I hardly think it had advanced much from the state of things which existed in 1828, when my father entered Christ’s College. The want of organised practical work in Zoology was perhaps a blessing in disguise; for it led me to struggle with the subject by myself. I used to get snails and slugs and dissect their dead bodies, comparing my results with books hunted up in the University Library, and this was a real bit of education.” On one occasion “a thoughtful brother sent me a dead porpoise, which (to the best of my belief) I dissected, to the horror of the bedmaker, in my College rooms.” After obtaining a First Class in the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1870 he went to St. George’s Hospital and in due course took the Cambridge M. B. degree. In London he “had the luck to work in the laboratory of Dr. Klein,” who gave him “the first opportunity of seeing science in the making—of seeing research from the inside” and thus implanted in his mind the desire to work at science for its own sake. The chance of doing this, he says, came when his father took him as his assistant. He did not carry out his intention of becoming a practising physician: “happily for me the Fates willed otherwise.” He returned from London to the home at Down and for eight years acted as secretary and assistant to his father.


Author(s):  
Bruno Bertaccini ◽  
Riccardo Bruni ◽  
Federico Crescenzi ◽  
Beatrice Donati

Logical abilities are a ubiquitous ingredient in all those contexts that take into account soft skills, argumentative skills or critical thinking. However, the relationship between logical models and the enhancement of these abilities is rarely explicitly considered. Two aspects of the issue are particularly critical in our opinion, namely: (i) the lack of statistically relevant data concerning these competences; (ii) the absence of reliable indices that might be used to measure and detect the possession of abilities underlying the above-mentioned soft skills. This paper aims to address both aspects of this topic by presenting the results of a research we conducted in the period October – December 2020 on students enrolled in various degree courses at the University of Florence. To the best of our knowledge, to date this is the largest available database on the subject in the Italian University System. It has been obtained by a three-stage initiative. We started from an “entrance” examination for assessing the students' initial abilities. This test comprised ten questions, each of which was centered on a specific reasoning construct. The results we have collected show that there is a widespread lack of understanding of basic patterns that are common in the everyday way of arguing. Students then underwent a short training course, using formal logic techniques in order to strengthen their abilities, and afterwards took an “exit” examination, replicating the structure and the questions difficulty of the entrance one in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the course. Results show that the training was beneficial.


Author(s):  
Tuncer Asunakutlu ◽  
Kemal Yuce Kutucuoglu

This study reviews some of the prominent ranking systems with a view to shed more light on what may constitute a critical success factor in the field of higher education. In the first part, the ranking systems are reviewed and the key principles are explained. A brief description of how institutions use ranking information is also included. In the second part of the study, the subject of internationalization in the context of ranking systems is discussed. The main challenges of competitiveness in higher education and the increasing role of internationalization are expressed. The chapter also describes threats and opportunities for the future of higher education. This section also includes suggestions for higher education administrators. In the third part, the subject of ranking with particular focus on the university-industry collaboration and its effects on the future of higher education are discussed. The role of the industry and the changing mission of the universities in the new era are explained.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10533
Author(s):  
Lesley Le Grange

Sustainability and its relationship with education has been the subject of much contestation in recent decades. This article reviews some of the debates on sustainability in the context of higher education and raises concern about the narrowing of the discourse on sustainability and sustainability education in the neoliberal university. The methods used in this article are philosophical, combining traditional concept analysis with concept creation. The later method holds that philosophical concepts are created or reimagined so that they have transformative effects in the world. The key finding of this conceptual exploration is that sustainability (education) can be liberated from the fetters of neoliberalism and can be imagined differently. This might be possible in the “University of Beauty”. Moreover, the potential for reimagining sustainability higher education already exists within the neoliberal university and in those who inhabit it. This is because sustainability higher education and those who inhabit the neoliberal university are always in the process of becoming. The article concludes that the present generation of students should be viewed as key role players in rethinking sustainability higher education.


1990 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Dworetsky

What is the purpose of an astronomy degree? Why should students wish to take such a course? What will they do after graduation? In what way would such a course uniquely differ from a physics degree with a little astronomy tossed in? And given that we are called upon to provide such a course, what syllabus might we teach? These are some of the questions that occurred to me as I was preparing this paper.One obstacle to giving clear answers is that the higher education systems of various countries differ greatly in structure. As one who was trained in one system (U.S.A.) and who teaches in another (U.K.), I am perhaps in a better position than most to appreciate the differences in approach, and to weigh the advantages and shortcomings of each system. But, as Shakespeare’s Dogberry said, “Comparisons are odorous,” and I do not propose to do this! What I describe refers to current practice in the university system of England and Wales, and I will use my own institution’s long-standing astronomy degree as an example.


1949 ◽  
Vol 6 (18) ◽  
pp. 643-660

Professor J. T. Wilson, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Sydney, 1890 to 1920 and in the University of Cambridge, 1920 to 1934, died on 2 September 1945, at his house in Cambridge, after a short illness, at the age of eighty-four. Through his death, anatomical science in this country has lost one of its foremost exponents and leaders, a great and inspiring teacher and a man of striking personality and outstanding intellectual capacity. The Anatomical Society is the poorer by the loss of its oldest surviving member, who, though nurtured in the old school, was ever in the vanguard of progress towards the newer conceptions which dominate the anatomy of to-day, and his colleagues and old pupils here and in Australia mourn the passing of a great and good man, who had won their high esteem and affectionate regard, for he had a great gift for friendship and was one of the most generous and helpful of men. He himself, speaking in Cambridge in 1941, described his life-span as falling naturally into three periods. I quote his own words : ‘The first of twentysix years includes childhood, adolescence, undergraduate training and postgraduate study and teaching, in “the grey metropolis of the North’’ ever dear to my memory. The second period of over thirty-three years was spent in the University of Sydney where for a generation I occupied the Chair of Anatomy. The third period embraces the twenty-one years of my life here in Cambridge. In each of these periods, I have had the high privilege of sharing in the teaching and other activities of academic life.’ James Thomas Wilson, an only son, was born on 14 April 1861, at Moniaive, a small village in Dumfriesshire, where his father, Thomas Wilson, was schoolmaster and a learned and cultured man. From him he received his early education as well as his preparation for the entrance examination to the University.


1958 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 327-339

Emeritus Professor Robert Whytlaw-Gray, formerly Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and Administrative Head of the Chemistry Department in the University of Leeds, was the grandson of an Armagh man who emigrated to Australia about a hundred years ago with his wife, daughter and son Robert James, and built up a very big business in Sydney. Robert James Cray returned to Britain as a young man to take charge of the London office, and at the age of twenty-seven he married Mary Gilkieson Gemmell, daughter of Robert Adam Whytlaw, of Fenton House, Hampstead, a Glasgow manufacturer of partly Scandinavian origin. The handsome young couple figure in some of the drawings done for Punch by their near neighbour, George du Maurier, during the period of their engagement. Their second surviving son, Robert Whytlaw-Gray, was born in London on 14 June 1877. Whytlaw-Gray received his early education at St Paul’s School; very little science was taught in those days, but he carried out chemical experiments in a cupboard in his sisters’ schoblroom at home at the age of about twelve. His father wanted him to go into the Army and he sat for the entrance examination, but failed through complete lack of interest, distinguishing himself only by coming out top of the list in chemistry. When he was eighteen he started on an engineering course in the University of Glasgow, where he and his younger sister lived with his grandparents, who now resided there, while his father took his mother and elder sister with him on a business visit to Australia.


1955 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 174-184 ◽  

John Lennard-Jones was born on 27 October 1894 in Leigh, Lancashire and was educated at Leigh Grammar School, where he specialized in classics. In 1912 he entered Manchester University, changed his subject to mathematics in which he took an honours degree and then an M.Sc. under Professor Lamb, carrying out some research on the theory of sound. In 1915 he joined the Royal Flying Corps, obtained his Wings in 1917 and saw service in France; he also took part in some investigations on aerodynamics with Messrs Boulton and Paul and at the National Physical Laboratory. In 1919 he returned to the University of Manchester as lecturer in mathematics, took the degree of D.Sc. of that university and continued to work on vibrations in gases, becoming more and more interested in the gas-kinetic aspects of the subject as his paper of 1922 in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society shows. In 1922, on the advice of Professor Sydney Chapman, he applied for and was elected to a Senior 1851 Exhibition to enable him to work in Cambridge, where he became a research student at Trinity College and was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1924. At Cambridge under the influence of R. H. Fowler he became more and more interested in the forces between atoms and molecules and in the possibility of deducing them from the behaviour of gases.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Frijhoff

Abstract: The University history of the Low Countries is largely tributary of the different fate of the two halves of that region. In the South (present-day Belgium), in fact a unitary state from the 16th century onwards, the University of Louvain, initially founded for the whole Low Countries, was long the only institution of higher education. It was temporarily joined by that of Douai (later incorporated into France). In the North (the present-day Netherlands), universities and other institutions of higher education were only founded from the independence in the late 16th century onwards, but then in huge numbers, due to the confederal character of the Dutch Republic. In the revolutionary and Napoleonic era, the whole university landscape was thoroughly altered, and most of the institutions in the North suppressed. After 1815, new universities were founded on the same footing in both countries, then again temporarily united. Although the Netherlands and Belgium went their own way ever since their separation in 1830, both countries show a similar institutional evolution, in  spite of the linguistic problems in the South. This is reflected in the cooperation between scholars on university history of the whole Low Countries region. In this article, I first sketch briefly the political evolution of the Low Countries and that of the university landscape and its institutional provisions, compulsory for a good comprehension of the university historiography. After a survey of the process of institutionalisation of university history in the European context ever since the 1980s, the (bi-)national associations and the renewal of the focus on the social dimension of university history and the history of science are briefly discussed. Throughout the article, the most important studies and memorial volumes of the last decades are quoted.Resumen: La historia de la Universidad de los Países Bajos es en buena medida heredera del destino diverso de cada una de las dos mitades de la región. En el Sur (actualmente Bélgica), de hecho, un estado unitario desde el siglo XVI en adelante, la Universidad de Lovaina, fundada inicialmente para el conjunto de los Países Bajos, fue durante mucho tiempo la única institución de educación superior. Se unió temporalmente por ello a Douai (más tarde incorporado en Francia). En el Norte (Holanda hoy en día), universidades y otras instituciones de educación superior sólo se fundaron a partir de la independencia, a finales del siglo XVI en adelante, cuando crecerían exponencialmente, debido al carácter confederal de la República Holandesa. En la era revolucionaria y napoleónica, todo el panorama universitario quedó alterado y la mayoría de las instituciones del Norte  suprimidas. Después de 1815, se fundaron nuevas universidades en el mismo nivel en ambos países, que otra vez quedarían temporalmente unidos. Aunque los Países Bajos y Bélgica siguieron sus propios caminos desde su separación en 1830, ambos países muestran una evolución institucional similar, a pesar de los problemas lingüísticos en el Sur. Esto se refleja en la cooperación entre los estudiosos de la historia de la universidad de los Países Bajos en toda la región. En este artículo, primero presento un breve esquema de la evolución política de los Países Bajos y de la universidad y sus disposiciones institucionales, algo obligatorio para una buena comprensión de la historiografía universitaria. Después de un estudio del proceso de institucionalización de la historia universitaria en el contexto europeo desde la década de 1980, las asociaciones (bi)nacionales y la renovación de la atención a la dimensión social de la historia universitaria y la historia de la ciencia se discutirán brevemente. A lo largo del artículo, se darán cita también los estudios más importantes y volúmenes conmemorativos aparecidos en las últimas décadas.Keywords: historiography, Low Countries, universities, colleges, Latin schools.Palabras clave: historiografía, Países Bajos, universidades, colegios, escuelas latinas.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
M. A. Tanina ◽  
V. V. Bondarenko ◽  
V. A. Yudina ◽  
O. N. Leskina

Increasing the export potential of the higher education system is a strategic goal of many developed and developing countries, including Russia. At the same time, attracting foreign students to domestic universities makes it possible to attract foreign intellectual resources, develop international cooperation and diplomacy. During the study, a model of a system for managing the competitiveness of higher education in Russia has been developed, which contributes to attracting an international contingent of students to Russian universities. This system takes into account the influence of global environmental factors and state macro-environment factors. The subject of management in this system is represented by the federal, regional and university levels. For each subject level, methods have been developed to attract an international contingent of students to Russian universities. The object of management in the developed system is the level of competitiveness of higher education in Russia.


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