scholarly journals Balancing macronutrient intake in a mammalian carnivore: disentangling the influences of flavour and nutrition

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 160081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian K. Hewson-Hughes ◽  
Alison Colyer ◽  
Stephen J. Simpson ◽  
David Raubenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Food Selection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Geometric Framework ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Plant Protein Sources ◽  
Primary Driver

There is a large body of research demonstrating that macronutrient balancing is a primary driver of foraging in herbivores and omnivores, and more recently, it has been shown to occur in carnivores. However, the extent to which macronutrient selection in carnivores may be influenced by organoleptic properties (e.g. flavour/aroma) remains unknown. Here, we explore the roles of nutritional and hedonic factors in food choice and macronutrient balancing in a mammalian carnivore, the domestic cat. Using the geometric framework, we determined the amounts and ratio of protein and fat intake in cats allowed to select from combinations of three foods that varied in protein : fat (P : F) composition (approx. 10 : 90, 40 : 60 and 70 : 30 on a per cent energy basis) to which flavours of different ‘attractiveness’ (fish, rabbit and orange) were added. In two studies, in which animal and plant protein sources were used, respectively, the ratio and amounts of protein and fat intake were very consistent across all groups regardless of flavour combination, indicating regulation of both protein and fat intake. Our results suggest that macronutrient balancing rather than hedonistic rewards based on organoleptic properties of food is a primary driver of longer-term food selection and intake in domestic cats.

scholarly journals Fifteen-year time trends in energy and macronutrient intake in German children and adolescents: results of the DONALD study

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Added Sugars

The DONALD study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study) gives the opportunity to evaluate long-term food and nutrient intake data on the basis of 3 d weighed dietary records of infants, children and adolescents since 1985. In this paper, we examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes (protein, fat, saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates and added sugars) of 795 2–18-year-old subjects between 1985 and 2000 (4483 records). No significant changes in intakes of energy and of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and added sugars (as % energy intake, E %) were found. Fat intake decreased significantly in all age groups (between -0·20 and -0·26 E %/year), as well as intake of saturated fatty acids (between -0·11 and -0·14 E %/year) and monounsaturated fatty acids (between -0·07 and -0·014 E %/year). This decline was compensated for by a significant increase in carbohydrate intake (between +0·18 and +0·27 E %/year). The changes in macronutrient intake were mainly due to a decreased consumption of fats–oils (between -0·29 and -1·26 g/year) and meat–fish–eggs (between -0·21 and -2·92 g/year), whereas consumption of bread–cereals (between +0·12 and +2·42 g/year) and potatoes–pasta–rice (between +0·15 and +2·26 g/year) increased slightly. However, since recommended fat intake and fatty acid composition was not reached at the end of the study period by far, further efforts will be necessary to improve macronutrient composition and to stabilize favourable dietary habits.

scholarly journals Associations of maternal body composition and nutritional intake with fat content of Indonesian mothers’ breast milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardesy Melizah Kurniati ◽  
Diana Sunardi ◽  
Ali Sungkar ◽  
Saptawati Bardosono
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Nursing Mothers

Background Breast milk is the best sole food for infants in their first six months of life. Breast milk fat content accounts for the largest part of infants’ energy and may be influenced by many factors, including maternal factors, which may vary in different settings. So far, there has been no published data about the breast milk fat content of Indonesian mothers, including whether it is affected by their body composition or nutritional intake.Objective To investigate breast milk fat content of Indonesian mothers and its associations with maternal body composition and nutritional intake. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted at Budi Kemuliaan Mothers’ and Children’s Hospital. Breast milk specimens were collected from 48 nursing mothers, centrifuged, and tested by creamatocrit for fat content. A 24-hour food recall was performed to evaluate maternal macronutrient intake. Maternal body composition was evaluated by bioelectric impedance analysis. Univariable correlations between breast milk fat content and either energy and macronutrient intake were assessed using the Spearman rho test.Results All nursing mothers had breast milk fat content within clinically normal range [mean 59.4 (SD 15.9) g/L]. There was no significant correlation between milk fat content and maternal body fat (r = -0.03, P=0.840), total body water (r = 0.09 P=0.509), or muscle mass (r = 0.08, P=0.577). Milk fat content seemed to weakly correlated with maternal fat intake, although it was not statistically significant (r = 0.27, P=0.065).Conclusion Breast milk fat content at one-month post delivery appears not associated with with maternal body composition. It seems to weakly correlate with maternal fat intake but findings need to be confirmed in larger studies with adjustment for confounding variables. 

scholarly journals What are the major correlates of macronutrient selection in Western populations?

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake

In order to better understand the factors that may influence and regulate the intake of the macronutrients carbohydrate, fat and protein a 7 d diet diary technique was employed to study eating behaviour in the natural environment of free-living human subjects. In general, factors that promote energy intake tend to promote fat and protein intake to a greater extent than carbohydrate intake. This increased intake occurs as the result of: environmental factors such as social facilitation and the time of day, week or lunar phase; subjective factors such as hunger and elation; individual difference factors such as obesity, restraint and ageing. There are indications that the intake of macronutrients is regulated by negative feedback systems. In the short term, the amount of protein remaining in the stomach at the onset of a meal appears to have a restraining effect on intake, especially protein intake. Over several days, macronutrient intake appears to be affected by a nutrient-specific delayed negative feedback. Protein intake during 1 d is negatively associated with protein intake 2 and 3 d later, while carbohydrate intake is negatively related to later carbohydrate intake, and fat intake to later fat intake; both peaking after a 2 d delay. Studies of the intakes of twins suggested that many aspects of the control of macronutrient intake are influenced by inheritance; these factors include the overall amounts ingested, the before-meal stomach contents and the responsiveness of the subject to the negative impact of the stomach contents. The results indicate that macronutrient intakes are regulated by multiple persistent processes that are to a large extent inherited.

scholarly journals Dietary intake and the insulin-like growth factor system: effects of migration in two related populations in India and Britain with markedly different dietary intake

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Heald ◽  
R Sharma ◽  
SG Anderson ◽  
A Vyas ◽  
K Siddals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Igf System ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Igfbp 3

AbstractBackgroundThe insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.ObjectiveWe report the effects of total energy intake on the IGF system in two populations with markedly different dietary macronutrient intake and cardiovascular event rate.Design, subjects and settingDietary macronutrient intake was measured in a specific Gujarati migrant community in Sandwell, UK (n = 205) compared with people still resident in the same villages of origin in India (n = 246). Fasting IGF-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3, insulin and glucose (0 and 2-hour) were measured.ResultsTotal energy and total fat intake were higher in UK migrants, as were IGFBP-3 and IGF-I (mean (95% confidence interval): 145.9 (138.1–153.6) vs. 100.9 (94.6–107.3) ng ml-1; F = 76.6, P < 0.001). IGFBP-1 was lower in UK migrants (29.5 (25.9–33.0) vs. 56.5 (50.6–62.5) μg l-1; F = 48.4, P < 0.001). At both sites, IGF-I correlated positively with total energy (Spearman's ρ = 0.45, P < 0.001) and total fat (ρ = 0.44, P < 0.001) as did IGFBP-3 with total energy (ρ = 0.21, P < 0.05) and fat (ρ = 0.26, P < 0.001). Conversely, in Indian Gujaratis, IGFBP-1 fell with increasing total energy (ρ = -0.27, P < 0.001) and fat intake (ρ = -0.26, P < 0.01) but not in UK Gujaratis. Multiple linear regression modelling showed that increasing quartiles of fat intake were associated with higher IGF-I (β = 0.42, P = 0.007) independent of age, body mass index, plasma insulin, fatty acids and 2-hour glucose.ConclusionIn these genetically similar groups, migration to the UK and adoption of a different diet is associated with marked changes in the IGF system, suggesting that environmental factors profoundly modulate serum concentrations and actions of IGFs.

Composition of Dietary Macronutrient Intake Is Not Associated with Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification in Healthy Korean Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Chul Sung ◽  
Eunju Sung ◽  
Christopher D. Byrne ◽  
Yong Bum Kim ◽  
Chul Woo Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Korean Adults

Background and Aims: There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. Methods: 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. Results: The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). Conclusions: The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel

scholarly journals Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: using the Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyerim Park ◽  
Anthony Kityo ◽  
Yeon-Jin Kim ◽  
Sang-Ah Lee
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
High Intake ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Korean Adult ◽  
Old Men

Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). We characterized energy and macronutrient intake of Koreans diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the Health Examinee (HEXA) cohort. We included 130,423 participants aged 40-69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrient. Low energy (OR= 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.98) and fat intake (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97) was observed among 50-59 year-old men. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR= 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.97) while low fat intake was observed in all women (OR= 0.80 95% CI: 0.77-0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08-1.27) among women in their 50’s and 60’s respectively. Protein intake was low (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) and (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.94) among women in their 50’s and 60’s respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.20) and plant protein in both genders (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adult diagnosed MetS.

A role for vagus nerve in regulation of protein and carbohydrate intake

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (6) ◽  
pp. E815-E821 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. T. Li ◽  
G. H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Catecholamine Metabolism ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Total Food

The effects of vagotomy on long-term protein and carbohydrate selection or on short-term food selection following cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) injections, protein, or carbohydrate premeals and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and catecholamine metabolism were examined in adult rats. Vagotomy was followed by a reduction in daily protein intake that by 3 wk had fallen to 50% of preoperative levels. A corresponding increase in carbohydrate intake occurred so that total food intake was maintained at approximately 93% of that consumed by the sham-operated controls. These changes in day-to-day macronutrient selection from a choice of high- and low-protein diets were associated with a vagotomy-induced decreased turnover of 5HT in the hypothalamus. In meal consumption studies vagotomy prevented a further reduction in meal size by CCK-8 but did not block decreased consumption of total food or of protein preference of the rats in meals taken subsequent to a protein meal. It was concluded that the vagus nerve plays a role in regulating long-term protein and carbohydrate preferences but not in the relationships among meal-to-meal composition and intake.

scholarly journals Divergence in proportional fat intake in AKR/J and SWR/J mice endures across diet paradigms

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. R776-R785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda K. Smith ◽  
P. Kyle Andrews ◽  
David A. York ◽  
David B. West
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Strain ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Strain Difference ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Phenotypic Difference ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Fat Preference ◽  
Protein Diets

These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the contrasting patterns of macronutrient selection described previously in AKR/J (fat preference) and SWR/J (carbohydrate preference) mice are not dependent on a single diet paradigm. The effect of mouse strain on proportional fat intake was tested in naive mice by presenting two-choice diets possessing a variety of physical, sensory, and nutritive properties. In three separate experiments, AKR/J mice preferentially selected and consumed a higher proportion of energy from the high-fat diet than SWR/J mice. Specifically, this phenotypic difference was observed with 1) fat-protein vs. carbohydrate-protein diets, independent of fat type (vegetable shortening or lard), 2) isocaloric, high- vs. low-fat liquid diet preparations, and 3) high- vs. low-fat powdered-granular diets. These results confirm our previous observation of a higher proportional fat intake by AKR/J compared with SWR/J mice using the three-choice macronutrient selection diet and show that this strain difference generalizes across several diet paradigms. This strain difference is due largely to the robust and reliable fat preference of the AKR/J mice. In contrast, macronutrient preference in SWR/J mice varied across paradigms, suggesting a differential response by this strain to some orosensory or postingestive factor(s).

Carbohydrate versus fat intake: differing patterns of macronutrient selection in two inbred mouse strains

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. R357-R362 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Smith ◽  
D. B. West ◽  
D. A. York
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Standard Chow Diet ◽  
Dietary Obesity ◽  
Selection Protocol ◽  
Composite Energy

As a first step toward developing a mouse model to characterize genetic factors linked to the preferential intake of dietary carbohydrate or fat, we have identified two mouse strains that exhibit distinctly different patterns of macronutrient selection. Macronutrient selection was evaluated in AKR/J and SWR/J mice, two strains that have been characterized previously for their sensitivity to high-fat dietary obesity. Mice were adapted to a self-selection protocol in which separate carbohydrate, fat, and protein sources were simultaneously available. AKR/J mice ate 30% more calories than the SWR/J mice. Furthermore, strain comparisons revealed a significantly higher proportion of fat intake by the AKR/J mice (69 vs. 28%), and in the SWR/J mice a significantly higher intake of carbohydrate (62 vs. 24%). The mice were then returned to a standard chow diet for 10 wk. These mice subsequently were allowed to self-select from two composite energy diets (carbohydrate and protein, or fat and protein). Once again, AKR/J mice selected a greater proportion of energy from the fat/protein diet (85%) than did the SWR/J strain (32%). These findings suggest a possible relationship between sensitivity to dietary obesity and fat selection.

scholarly journals Maximum tolerable dose of red pepper decreases fat intake independently of spicy sensation in the mouth

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Yoshioka ◽  
Makoto Imanaga ◽  
Hiromi Ueyama ◽  
Miya Yamane ◽  
Yoshiko Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Maximum Tolerable Dose ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Tolerable Dose

Dietary red pepper suppresses energy intake and modifies macronutrient intake. We have investigated whether a stimulus in the mouth and the sensation of spiciness are necessary for red pepper-induced changes in energy and macronutrient intake in human volunteers. In a preliminary test, sixteen Japanese male volunteers tasted samples of a soup with graded doses of red pepper in order to define a moderate and a maximum tolerable (strong) dose of red pepper. On the day of the experiment, a standardised breakfast was given to the volunteers. At lunchtime, the subjects ingested one of four experimental soups containing either a placebo, a moderate or a strong dose of red pepper plus placebo capsules, or a placebo soup plus capsules delivering a strong dose of red pepper. The rest of the meal was givenad libitumto all subjects. The amount of food, protein and carbohydrate ingested was similar for all conditions. Energy and fat intake were similar after the ingestion of the moderate soup compared with placebo. However, the strong soup significantly lowered fat intake compared with placebo (P=0·043), and ingestion of strong capsules also tended to suppress it (P=0·080). Moreover, energy intake after strong soup and capsules tended to be lower than placebo (P=0·089 and 0·076, respectively). The present results indicate that the maximum tolerable dose is necessary to have a suppressive effect of red pepper on fat intake. The main site of the action of red pepper is not in the mouth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document