scholarly journals What are the major correlates of macronutrient selection in Western populations?

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Lunar Phase ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake

In order to better understand the factors that may influence and regulate the intake of the macronutrients carbohydrate, fat and protein a 7 d diet diary technique was employed to study eating behaviour in the natural environment of free-living human subjects. In general, factors that promote energy intake tend to promote fat and protein intake to a greater extent than carbohydrate intake. This increased intake occurs as the result of: environmental factors such as social facilitation and the time of day, week or lunar phase; subjective factors such as hunger and elation; individual difference factors such as obesity, restraint and ageing. There are indications that the intake of macronutrients is regulated by negative feedback systems. In the short term, the amount of protein remaining in the stomach at the onset of a meal appears to have a restraining effect on intake, especially protein intake. Over several days, macronutrient intake appears to be affected by a nutrient-specific delayed negative feedback. Protein intake during 1 d is negatively associated with protein intake 2 and 3 d later, while carbohydrate intake is negatively related to later carbohydrate intake, and fat intake to later fat intake; both peaking after a 2 d delay. Studies of the intakes of twins suggested that many aspects of the control of macronutrient intake are influenced by inheritance; these factors include the overall amounts ingested, the before-meal stomach contents and the responsiveness of the subject to the negative impact of the stomach contents. The results indicate that macronutrient intakes are regulated by multiple persistent processes that are to a large extent inherited.

scholarly journals Associating Intake Proportion of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein with All-Cause Mortality in Korean Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Yu-Jin Kwon ◽  
Hye Sun Lee ◽  
Ju-Young Park ◽  
Ji-Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Prolong Life Expectancy ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Determining the ideal ratio of macronutrients for increasing life expectancy remains a high priority in nutrition research. We aim to investigate the association between carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake and all-cause mortality in Koreans. This cohort study investigated 42,192 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) linked with causes of death data (2007–2015). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using the multivariable Cox proportional regression model after adjusting for confounders. We documented 2110 deaths during the follow-up period. Time to exceed 1% of the all-cause mortality rate was longest in participants with 50–60% carbohydrate, 30–40% fat, and 20–30% protein intake. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was 1.313 (1.031–1.672, p = 0.0272) for <50% carbohydrate intake, 1.322 (1.116–1.567, p = 0.0013) for ≥60% carbohydrate intake, 1.439 (1.018–2.035, p = 0.0394) for <30% fat intake, and 3.255 (1.767–5.997, p = 0.0002) for ≥40% fat intake. There was no significant association between protein intake proportion and all-cause mortality. We found a U-shaped association between all-cause mortality and carbohydrate intake as well as fat intake, with minimal risk observed at 50–60% carbohydrate and 30–40% fat intake. Our findings suggest current Korean dietary guidelines should be revised to prolong life expectancy.

scholarly journals Overview of Macro Nutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Students at the Putri Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School, Ternate City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Hisdawati Abubakar ◽  
Yohannes Willi Helm ◽  
Nofiandri ◽  
Fadila
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fat Intake

Adolescents are one of the nutritionally vulnerable groups. At this time, adolescents enter the second phase of rapid growth and then physical growth declines as young adults enter. Problems that arise in adolescents are undernutrition and overnutrition. One that is related to nutritional status is nutrient intake which is very influential on a person's nutritional status. Nutrient intake is influenced by eating habits and eating patterns of adolescents themselves. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of macronutrient intake and nutritional status at the Putri Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School, Ternate City. The type of research used is descriptive research. The sampling technique used total sampling with a total sample of 29 people. The tools used were Microtoise, Bathroom Scale and form food recall 24. The results showed that the intake of macronutrients, as many as 28 people (96.6%) with less energy intake, 29 people (100.0%) with less protein intake, 16 people (55.2%) with more fat intake and 26 people (89.7%) with less carbohydrate intake. There were 25 people (86.2%) with normal nutritional status. It was concluded that from the results of the respondents had less protein intake and most had less energy and carbohydrate intake. On the other hand, most of these teenagers have good fat intake with normal nutritional status.

scholarly journals Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players—A Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Steffl ◽  
Ivana Kinkorova ◽  
Jakub Kokstejn ◽  
Miroslav Petr
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Weighted Averages ◽  
Health Complications

The nutrition of soccer players is an important topic and its knowledge may help to increase the quality of this popular game and prevent possible health problems and injuries in players. This meta-analysis aims to estimate the current dietary trends of three basic macronutrients in junior and senior soccer players during the first two decades of the 21st century. We analyzed data from 647 junior players (mean age 10.0–19.3) from 27 groups, and 277 senior (mean age 20.7–27.1) players from 8 groups from altogether 21 papers in this meta-analysis. Weighted averages were calculated for each macronutrients. Protein intake is higher than recommended in both juniors, 1.9 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–2.0 g/kg/day, and seniors 1.8 95% CI 1.6–2.0 g/kg/day. However, carbohydrate intake is still below the recommended values in both groups (5.7 95% CI 5.5–5.9 g/kg/day in junior and 4.7 95% CI 4.3–5.0 g/kg/day in senior players). The proportion of fat as total energy intake is in concordance with the recommendations (31.5 95% CI 32.0–35.9% in junior and 33.1 95% CI 29.9–36.2% in senior players). In particular, due to possible health complications, the small carbohydrate intake should be alarming for coaches, nutritional experts, and parents.

scholarly journals Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: using the Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyerim Park ◽  
Anthony Kityo ◽  
Yeon-Jin Kim ◽  
Sang-Ah Lee
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
High Intake ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Korean Adult ◽  
Old Men

Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). We characterized energy and macronutrient intake of Koreans diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the Health Examinee (HEXA) cohort. We included 130,423 participants aged 40-69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrient. Low energy (OR= 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.98) and fat intake (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97) was observed among 50-59 year-old men. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR= 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.97) while low fat intake was observed in all women (OR= 0.80 95% CI: 0.77-0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08-1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08-1.27) among women in their 50’s and 60’s respectively. Protein intake was low (OR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) and (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.94) among women in their 50’s and 60’s respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.20) and plant protein in both genders (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.05-1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adult diagnosed MetS.

A Comparison of the Nutrient Intakes of Macronutrient-Based Dieting and Strict Dieting Bodybuilders

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ismaeel ◽  
Suzy Weems ◽  
Darryn S. Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Descriptive Assessment

The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive assessment of the nutritional habits of competitive bodybuilders and compare the nutrient intakes of macronutrient-based dieting and strict dieting individuals. Data from 41 subjects (30 males and 11 females) were used in analyses. Participants completed a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire, and diets were analyzed using a computer system. Males consumed an average of 2,577.2 kcal (SD = 955.1), with an average fat intake of 83.6 g (SD = 41.3), an average carbohydrate intake of 323.3 g (SD = 105.2), and an average protein intake of 163.4 g (SD = 70.4). There were no significant differences between male macronutrient-based dieting and strict dieting bodybuilders when mean intakes were compared for all nutrients, including the macronutrients, selected vitamins and minerals, dietary fiber, added sugars, and saturated fat. Females in this study consumed an average of 1,794 kcal (SD = 453.1), with an average fat intake of 58.3 g (SD = 23.1), a mean carbohydrate intake of 217.8 g (SD = 85.9), and an average protein intake of 103.8 g (SD = 35.7). For females, macronutrient-based dieters consumed significantly greater amounts of several nutrients, including protein, vitamin E, vitamin K, and vitamin C. Over half of individuals from all groups consumed less than the recommended amounts of several of the micronutrients. Based on this information, it is recommended that competitive bodybuilders should be advised to take their micronutrition into greater consideration.

scholarly journals The effect of conventional v. à la carte menu on energy and macronutrient intake among hospitalized cardiology patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla S. Larsen ◽  
Søren Toubro
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
A La Carte

Undernutrition among hospitalized patients is highly prevalent. In contrast, the obesity pandemic is increasing in prevalence among all, including cardiology patients. The dietary challenge during hospitalization is to provide a healthy diet that stimulates the appetite and is suitable for both patients at risk of undernutrition and of cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was to compare energy and macronutrient intake between a conventional hospital menu (Fixed) with a concept providing free serving hours and ad libitum intake à la carte (Free) among cardiology patients. The comparison was done between concepts for all lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) patients and subgroups. Food intake was registered during a 3-week period on Fixed for forty-eight randomly selected patients and later by two similar time periods on Free1 for twenty-eight and Free2 for thirty-seven other patients. Free compared with Fixed increased the energy intake – but not above requirement – among the obese only (P < 0·001; Free v. Fixed). This was explained by an increase in the relative fat intake of 50 % (P < 0·001) and 37 % (P < 0·001) for Free1 and Free2 respectively. During Free1, the relative fat intake correlated positively with BMI (r 0·6; P < 0·01), and the relative carbohydrate intake negatively with BMI (r − 0·7; P < 0·01); the same pattern was seen during Free2, although insignificant. We conclude that the introduction of an ad libitum à la carte kitchen (Free) to cardiology patients slightly increases the average nutritional intake, but contains a potential health hazard for overweight cardiovascular patients, due to the selection of high-fat dishes and decreased carbohydrate intake. This emphasises the need for improvement in fat sources and in dietary advice when an ad libitum concept is applied during hospitalization.

scholarly journals Maternal Lipid Concentrations during Early Pregnancy and Eating Behaviour and Energy Intake in the Offspring

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dieberger ◽  
Susanne de Rooij ◽  
Aniko Korosi ◽  
Tanja Vrijkotte
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Satiety Responsiveness

Worldwide, childhood obesity is rapidly increasing, making it a pressing public health issue. Obesity is strongly linked to eating behaviour and energy intake but little is known about their prenatal determinants. In an exploratory study of data collected within the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, we hypothesized that intra-uterine exposure to increased lipids is associated with adverse eating behaviour and increased energy intake in the offspring at age 5. During early gestation, a non-fasting blood sample was taken from 1463 non-diabetic Dutch women, including: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Eating behaviour, measured using the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, included food approaching (enjoyment of food, food responsiveness) and food avoidant behaviour (satiety responsiveness, slowness of eating). Energy intake (total energy, fat and carbohydrate intake) was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Associations were analysed using multivariable linear regression. Increased maternal TC concentrations were associated with lower enjoyment of food, higher satiety responsiveness and increased slowness of eating, as well as decreased kcal and fat intake in the offspring. Elevated ApoA1 was associated with increased slowness of eating, lower enjoyment of food and lower kcal, fat and carbohydrate intake. ApoB was positively associated with satiety responsiveness and slowness of eating. Higher TG concentrations were associated with higher food responsiveness. Maternal FFA did not show significant associations. Findings demonstrated that the maternal prenatal lipid profile was associated with offspring’s eating behaviour and energy intake, although not always in the hypothesized direction.

Activation of hypothalamic serotonin receptors reduced intake of dietary fat and protein but not carbohydrate

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (3) ◽  
pp. R802-R811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda K. Smith ◽  
David A. York ◽  
George A. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Consumption ◽  
Macronutrient Selection ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Dose Effects ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Serotonergic Drugs

Systemic treatment with dexfenfluramine (dF), fluoxetine, or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) recently was shown to suppress fat and occasionally protein but not carbohydrate intake in rats when a macronutrient selection paradigm was employed. These reports contrast with the prevailing literature, which for the past decade has described a role for serotonin neurotransmission in the modification of dietary carbohydrate consumption. To test the hypothesis that the suppression of fat selection and/or consumption by systemic serotonin agonists involves stimulation of central 5-HT receptors, a series of experiments was performed in nondeprived rats. In experiment 1, third cerebroventricular (3V) infusion of the nonselective 5-HT antagonist metergoline prevented the reduction in fat but not carbohydrate feeding caused by systemic dF. Furthermore, 3V metergoline alone increased fat intake. In experiments 2 and 3, 3V infusion of 5-HT1B/2C receptor agonistsd-norfenfluramine (dNF) or quipazine inhibited fat intake exclusively. Next, the infusion ofdNF or 5-HT into the region of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) reduced both fat and protein intake ( experiments 4 and 5). Finally, in experiment 6, when rats were grouped by baseline diet preference, 5-HT infused into the PVN led to a dose-related decrease in fat intake in both carbohydrate- and fat-preferring rats. In contrast, there were no dose effects of 5-HT on carbohydrate or protein intake in either preference group. However, in fat-preferring rats, the highest dose of 5-HT reduced intake of all three macronutrient diets. These results demonstrate a selective effect of exogenous serotonergic drugs in the hypothalamus to reduce fat rather than carbohydrate intake and suggest that higher baseline fat intake enhances responsivity to serotonergic drugs.

scholarly journals When, how much and what foods are eaten are related to total daily food intake

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (8) ◽  
pp. 1228-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Daily Intakes

Intake in the morning is associated with a reduction in the total intake for the day, while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. These associations are macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate intake, morning fat intake associated with reduced daily fat intake and morning protein intake associated with reduced daily protein intake. Since different types of foods contain differing proportions of macronutrients, the present study investigated the associations of different types of foods ingested at various times of day with total daily and macronutrient intakes. The intakes of 388 male and 621 female free-living individuals reported in 7 d diet diaries were reanalysed. The intakes of twenty-four different types of foods and seven different drinks occurring during the morning (04.00–10.29 hours), afternoon (10.30–16.59 hours) and evening (17.00–02.00 hours) were identified and related to overall daily intakes. Dairy foods, ice cream, beef, other meats, potatoes, pastry, nuts, chips and snacks, condiments, alcohol and soda were significantly associated with higher total intake over the day, while fruit, soup, breakfast cereal, pasta, pizza, water, coffee/tea and diet soda were either not associated or were associated with lower overall intake. Dietary energy density appeared to mediate the associations between particular foods and beverages and overall energy intake. This suggests that eating low-density foods in the morning and avoiding high-density foods at night might aid in reducing overall intake and may be useful in dietary interventions for overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Protein intake is more stable than carbohydrate or fat intake across various US demographic groups and international populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris R Lieberman ◽  
Victor L Fulgoni ◽  
Sanjiv Agarwal ◽  
Stefan M Pasiakos ◽  
Claire E Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Regulate Protein

ABSTRACT Background The optimal macronutrient composition of the diet is controversial and many adults attempt to regulate the intake of specific macronutrients for various health-related reasons. Objective The objective was to compare stability and ranges of intakes of different macronutrients across diverse adult populations in the USA and globally. Methods US dietary intake data from NHANES 2009–2014 were used to determine macronutrient intake as a percentage of total energy intake. Variability in macronutrient intake was estimated by calculating the difference between 75th and 25th percentile (Q3–Q1) IQRs of macronutrient intake distributions. In addition, intake data from 13 other countries with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) over $10,000 US dollars (USD) were used to assess variability of intake internationally since there are large differences in types of foods consumed in different countries. Results Protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (NHANES 2009–2014) was 15.7 ± 0.1, 48.1 ± 0.1, and 32.9 ± 0.1% kcal, respectively, in US adults. The IQR of protein intake distribution (3.73 ± 0.11% kcal) was 41% of carbohydrate intake distribution (9.18 ± 0.20% kcal) and 58% of fat intake distribution (6.40 ± 0.14% kcal). The IQRs of carbohydrate and fat intake distributions were significantly (P &lt;0.01) influenced by age and race; however, the IQR of protein intake was not associated with demographic and lifestyle factors including sex, race, income, physical activity, and body weight. International mean protein intake was 16.3 ± 0.2% kcal, similar to US intake, and there was less variation in protein than carbohydrate or fat intake. Conclusion Protein intake of the US population and multiple international populations, regardless of demographic and lifestyle factors, was consistently ∼16% of total energy, suggesting biological control mechanism(s) tightly regulate protein intake and, consequently, influence intake of other macronutrients and food constituents. Substantial differences in intake of the other macronutrients observed in US and international populations had little influence on protein intake. This trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN46157745 (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN4615774).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document