scholarly journals Social seeking declines in young adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 170029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu Dubey ◽  
Danielle Ropar ◽  
Antonia F de C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Screen Touch ◽  
Different Levels

The desire to engage with others is an important motivational force throughout our lifespan. It is known that social behaviour and preferences change from childhood to adulthood, but whether this change is linked with any changes in social motivation is not known. We evaluated 255 typically developing participants from ages 4–20 years on a behavioural paradigm ‘Choose a Movie’ (CAM). On every trial, participants had a choice between viewing social or non-social movies presented with different levels of effort (key presses/screen touch required). Hence, participants chose not only the movie they would watch but also how much effort they would make. The difference between the effort levels of the chosen and not chosen stimuli helps in quantifying the motivation to seek it. This task could be used with all the age groups with minimal adaptations, allowing comparison between the groups. Results showed that children (4–8 years), older adolescents (12–16 years) and young adults (17–20 years) made more effort to look at social movies. Counterintuitively, this preference was not seen in young adolescents (around 9–12 years), giving a U-shaped developmental trajectory over the population. We present the first evidence for non-monotonic developmental change in social motivation in typical participants.

Developmental changes and individual differences in risk and perspective taking in adolescence

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1213-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline A. Crone ◽  
L. Bullens ◽  
E. A. A. van der Plas ◽  
E. J. Kijkuit ◽  
P. D. Zelazo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

AbstractDespite the assumed prevalence of risk-taking behavior in adolescence, the laboratory evidence of risk taking remains scarce, and the individual variation poorly understood. Drawing from neuroscience studies, we tested whether risk and reward orientation are influenced by the perspective that adolescents take when making risky decisions. Perspective taking was manipulated by cuing participants prior to each choice whether the decision was made for “self,” or from the perspective of an “other” (the experimenter in Experiment 1; a hypothetical peer in Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we show a developmental decrease in risk-taking behavior across different stages of adolescence. In addition, all age groups made fewer risky choices for the experimenter, but the difference between self and other was larger in early adolescence. In Experiment 2, we show that high sensation-seeking (SS) adolescents make more risky choices than low SS adolescents, but both groups make a similar differentiation for other individuals (low risk-taking or high risk-taking peers). Together, the results show that younger adolescents and high SS adolescents make more risky choices for themselves, but can appreciate that others may make fewer risky choices. The developmental change toward more rational decisions versus emotional, impulsive decisions may reflect, in part, more efficient integration of others’ perspectives into one's decision making. These developmental results are discussed regarding brain systems important for risk taking and perspective taking.

scholarly journals Moral Orientation Dynamics in Adolescence and Youth

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-146
Author(s):  
S.V. Molchanov ◽  
O.S. Markina
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Young Adolescents ◽  
Moral Orientation ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Older Adolescents ◽  
Different Levels

The problem of moral development is actual for modern psychology. Modern conception of moral development defines two main principles in the basis of moral orientation: care principle and justice principle. Adolescence and youth are sensitive period to develop moral orientation. 139 subjects from three age groups: young adolescents, older adolescents and youth took part in the investigation. Results shows age dynamic of moral judgments preferences, moral dilemma solving with different levels of motivation to achieve and be approved.

scholarly journals Williams syndrome: Reduced attention to other’s eyes in a hypersocial phenotype

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Lundin Kleberg ◽  
Deborah Riby ◽  
Christine Fawcett ◽  
Hanna Björlin Avdic ◽  
Matilda A. Frick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Social Understanding ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Saccadic Velocity

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder which leads to high social motivation as well as intellectual disability and difficulties with social interaction. Attention to others’ eyes is crucial for social understanding. Individuals with WS are typically highly attentive to faces, but there is a lack of knowledge about how they attend to other’s eyes, and the mechanisms underlying potential alterations in behavior. It has been suggested that physiological hypo-arousal enables individuals with WS to maintain their gaze longer at other’s faces. The aim of this study was to better understand if there is atypical gaze behavior among individuals with WS which might underlie their reduced social understanding and related difficulties with social interaction. We examined the speed and likelihood of gaze shifts to and from other’s eyes in individuals with WS (n = 37; mean age 23 years), and controls (n = 167) in stratified age groups (7 months, 8-12 years, 13-17 years, adults). Peak saccadic velocity was studied as an index of arousal. Individuals with WS were less likely, and slower, to orient to the eyes compared with typically developing controls in all age groups from eight years of age but did not differ from 7-month-old infants. Peak saccadic velocity was reduced in WS, replicating previous results of hypo-arousal. The results were supported by both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. Despite the hyper-social behavioral phenotype, WS is associated with reduced attention to others’ eyes. This could contribute to the difficulties with complex social interaction observed in WS.

Development of Carefulness and Quickness Observed for a Tray-Carrying Task

2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Kokubun ◽  
Keiko Ozawa ◽  
Hideyuki Okuzumi ◽  
Toshihide Koike ◽  
Koichi Haishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Students ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
Do So

The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental change in performance of groups of children instructed to behave carefully and quickly in a tray-carrying task. The subjects were 69 nonhandicapped children from a kindergarten, ages 3–4 to 6 years, and 20 adult students who volunteered. Subjects were instructed to carry as fast as they could a tray with a glass of water for 3 m without a spill. The amounts of water spilled and the times taken were measured. The amounts of water spilled were hardly different within groups of children of the same ages or between age groups. But the times were different among groups: the younger ones took longer, and the difference in time between tray-carrying and normal walking was greatest for the youngest group. Children could carry the tray as carefully as adults but could not do so quickly. The nature of the representation of the instruction in relation to the behavior of children and the difference in strategy to guarantee carefulness between children and the adults are discussed.

Binaural Release from Masking for a Speech Sound in Infants, Preschoolers, and Adults

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Nozza ◽  
Eric F. Wagner ◽  
Melissa A. Crandell
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Binaural Hearing ◽  
Interaural Phase ◽  
Masking Level Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Release From Masking

Binaural masked thresholds for a speech sound (/ba/) were estimated under two interaural phase conditions (N 0 S 0 and N 0 S π ;) in three age groups (infants, preschool children, and adults). A computer-based head-turn with visual reinforcement procedure was used to test the infants. Preschoolers were tested using a modified play audiometry task, and adults were tested conventionally with the same apparatus as used with the infants. Differences in masked threshold as a function of both age and interaural phase condition, and differences in the binaural masking level difference (BMLD) with age, were found when the masker intensity was the same for each group. However, testing of adults with maskers of reduced intensity to compensate for hearing threshold differences relative to the two younger groups (a possible confounding variable in the estimate of the BMLD) eliminated the difference in BMLD between adults and preschoolers. The difference between infants and adults remained statistically significant, suggesting a possible developmental change in binaural hearing early in life. The relevance of developmental change in binaural hearing with respect to both infant auditory processing and the methods we use to assess it are discussed.

Beyond autism: Challenging unexamined assumptions about social motivation in typical development

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bartsch ◽  
David Estes
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
New Approaches

Abstract In challenging the assumption of autistic social uninterest, Jaswal & Akhtar have opened the door to scrutinizing similar unexamined assumptions embedded in other literatures, such as those on children's typically developing behaviors regarding others’ minds and morals. Extending skeptical analysis to other areas may reveal new approaches for evaluating competing claims regarding social interest in autistic individuals.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

From a molar to a molecular approach to the developmental trajectory of syntax comprehension by persons with intellectual disability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Facon
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Cognitive Measure ◽  
Syntactic Skills

The aim was to investigate whether a progressive dissociation between the cognitive level and syntax comprehension occurs during the development of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID). Two cross-sectional developmental trajectory analyses were successively conducted. Study 1 comprised 615 typically developing participants and 615 participants with ID. Their total scores on a syntax comprehension test were regressed on a nonverbal cognitive measure and the slopes of the two groups’ regression lines were compared. In Study 2, logistic regression curves of the two groups for each of the 92 test items were compared. Results showed only negligible between-groups differences of developmental trajectories, whatever the level of analysis. The idea of a progressive dissociation between cognitive level and receptive syntactic skills of people with ID is not confirmed. However, a syntax test evaluating more complex sentences than those used in this study might show such a dissociation.

scholarly journals Tower Running—Participation, Performance Trends, and Sex Difference

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stark ◽  
Stefania Di Gangi ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The Difference

Though there are exhaustive data about participation, performance trends, and sex differences in performance in different running disciplines and races, no study has analyzed these trends in stair climbing and tower running. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate these trends in tower running. The data, consisting of 28,203 observations from 24,007 climbers between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The effects of sex and age, together with the tower characteristics (i.e., stairs and floors), were examined through a multivariable statistical model with random effects on intercept, at climber’s level, accounting for repeated measurements. Men were faster than women in each age group (p < 0.001 for ages ≤69 years, p = 0.003 for ages > 69 years), and the difference in performance stayed around 0.20 km/h, with a minimum of 0.17 at the oldest age. However, women were able to outperform men in specific situations: (i) in smaller buildings (<600 stairs), for ages between 30 and 59 years and >69 years; (ii) in higher buildings (>2200 stairs), for age groups <20 years and 60–69 years; and (iii) in buildings with 1600–2200 stairs, for ages >69 years. In summary, men were faster than women in this specific running discipline; however, women were able to outperform men in very specific situations (i.e., specific age groups and specific numbers of stairs).

scholarly journals Mode Shape-Based Damage Detection Method (MSDI): Experimental Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4589
Author(s):  
Ivan Duvnjak ◽  
Domagoj Damjanović ◽  
Marko Bartolac ◽  
Ana Skender
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
Mode Shape ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

The main principle of vibration-based damage detection in structures is to interpret the changes in dynamic properties of the structure as indicators of damage. In this study, the mode shape damage index (MSDI) method was used to identify discrete damages in plate-like structures. This damage index is based on the difference between modified modal displacements in the undamaged and damaged state of the structure. In order to assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm, we performed experimental modal analysis on a reinforced concrete (RC) plate under 10 different damage cases. The MSDI values were calculated through considering single and/or multiple damage locations, different levels of damage, and boundary conditions. The experimental results confirmed that the MSDI method can be used to detect the existence of damage, identify single and/or multiple damage locations, and estimate damage severity in the case of single discrete damage.

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