scholarly journals The high-level basis of body adaptation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 172103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Brooks ◽  
Colin W. G. Clifford ◽  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Jonathan Mond ◽  
Ian D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Visual Exposure ◽  
Object Based ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor

Prolonged visual exposure, or ‘adaptation’, to thin (wide) bodies causes a perceptual aftereffect such that subsequently seen bodies appear wider (thinner) than they actually are. Here, we conducted two experiments investigating the effect of rotating the orientation of the test stimuli by 90° from that of the adaptor. Aftereffects were maximal when adapting and test bodies had the same orientation. When they differed, the axis of the perceived distortion changed with the orientation of the body. Experiment 1 demonstrated a 58% transfer of the aftereffect across orientations. Experiment 2 demonstrated an even greater degree of aftereffect transfer when the influence of low-level mechanisms was reduced further by using adaptation and test stimuli with different sizes. These results indicate that the body aftereffect is mediated primarily by high-level object-based processes, with low-level retinotopic mechanisms playing only a minor role. The influence of these low-level processes is further reduced when test stimuli differ in size from adaptation stimuli.

Somatechnologies

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Lettow ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Judith Butler ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Politics ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Body Technologies

Until now, the body has played only a minor role in the philosophy of technology. However, more elaborate reflections on the relation between technology and the body are needed because of the advent of somatechnologies – technologies intentionally geared toward modifying bodies and that use bodily substances as technological means. The article discusses some approaches within the philosophy of technology that prove to be fruitful in this context. The article argues thatsomatechnical modifications of bodies should be understood as elements of ‘body technologies’ and body politics in a broader sense. In such a perspective, concepts of the body developed by Judith Butler and Michel Foucault should be adopted by a praxeological philosophy of technology.

The effects of genotype and post-weaning nutrition on compensatory growth in cattle reared as singles or twins

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
E. A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTThirty-five Charolais × Blue-Grey and Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) weaned suckled calves which had been reared as either singles or twins and 19 single-reared Luing and Charolais × Luing weaned suckled calves were given silagead libitumsupplemented with either 0·75 or 2·5 kg rolled barley per day during the post-weaning winter. During summer the cattle continuously grazed perennial ryegrass swards. The high level of barley supplementation increased winter live-weight gain by 0·25 kg/day (P< 0·001). During summer the cattle from the low level of feeding gained weight at 0·09 kg/day (P< 0·05) faster than those from the high level of feeding. However, by the end of the summer grazing period the cattle on the low level of feeding were proportionately only 0·97 the weight of the animals on the high level of feeding.During winter the performance of all genotypes was similar, but at pasture the Luing cattle gained less weight (P< 0·01) than the single-reared Charolais-cross genotypes.Twin-reared cattle took 55 days longer to reach slaughter condition, but produced carcasses of equal weight and fatness to those from single-reared cattle.The twin-reared cattle on the high level of feeding and the single-reared cattle on the low level of feeding attained a similar weight, body condition and ultrasonic backfat at turn-out. Thereafter, their herbage intakes and live-weight gains were identical suggesting that previous level of feeding per se is unimportant in determining an animal's subsequent intake and performance. Rather it is the body composition at a given age, irrespective of the pathway followed to attain that composition, that determines performance thereafter. It is also suggested that the inability of cattle to compensate for a reduction in level of nutrition during the first 3 to 4 months of life is due to the lack of potential for fat deposition, and there is thus limited opportunity for nutritional manipulation of body composition at that age.

scholarly journals Spatial variations in the socioeconomic development of rural municipalities in the podkarpackie voivodeship

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pawlewicz ◽  
Justyna Flasińska
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Multidimensional Modeling ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Rural Municipalities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels

The main goal of all territorial administration units, including municipalities, is to promote socioeconomic development. The implemented actions address a broad range of economic, social, spatial and environmental issues. Therefore, socioeconomic development is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that is difficult to evaluate in an unambiguous and objective manner. Statistical methods in object-based multidimensional modeling support such evaluations by considering numerous attributes/variables, which increases the efficiency of the analytical process. In this article, Hellwig’s development pattern method was applied to classify rural municipalities in Podkarpackie Voivodeship based on their socioeconomic development. Twenty-seven indicators were designed for the needs of the analysis with the use of Statistics Poland data for 2018. Based on the results, the municipalities were grouped into four classes with different levels of socioeconomic development. Class III was the largest group, and it was composed of 39 municipalities with a medium-low level of socioeconomic development. Class II was composed of a similar number of municipalities (38) with a medium-high level of socioeconomic development. The smallest groups were Class I containing 18 municipalities with a high level of socioeconomic development, and class IV containing 14 municipalities with a low level of development.

Mifepristone (RU 486), a blocker of type II glucocorticoid and progestin receptors, reverses a dietary form of obesity

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. R1106-R1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Okada ◽  
D. A. York ◽  
G. A. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Activity ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Ru 486 ◽  
A Minor

The effect of mifepristone (RU 486), a blocker of type II glucocorticoid receptors on the development of obesity that follows the feeding of a high-fat (HF) diet to Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats, has been investigated. OM rats fed a HF diet gained more weight and had larger retroperitoneal and parametrial fat pads than OM rats fed a high-carbohydrate low-fat (LF) diet. RU 486 (30 mg.kg-1.day-1) for 14 days completely reversed the body weight gain and the increase in fat pad size of OM rats fed a HF diet. RU 486 had no effect on body weight of OM rats fed a LF diet, but did reduce fat pad weights. The data suggest that type II glucocorticoid receptor activity modulates body fat deposition and is essential for the development of obesity, although a minor role for progestin receptor activity cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals Reciprocal Activation by Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 2 and 7 Is Directed by Substrate Specificity Determinants outside the T Loop

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Garrett ◽  
William A. Barton ◽  
Ronald Knights ◽  
Pei Jin ◽  
David O. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Threonine Residue ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACT Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) is the catalytic subunit of the metazoan CDK-activating kinase (CAK), which activates CDKs, such as CDC2 and CDK2, through phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue in the T loop. Full activation of CDK7 requires association with a positive regulatory subunit, cyclin H, and phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue at position 170 in its own T loop. We show that threonine-170 of CDK7 is phosphorylated in vitro by its targets, CDC2 and CDK2, which also phosphorylate serine-164 in the CDK7 T loop, a site that perfectly matches their consensus phosphorylation site. In contrast, neither CDK4 nor CDK7 itself can phosphorylate the CDK7 T loop in vitro. The ability of CDC2 or CDK2 and CDK7 to phosphorylate each other but not themselves implies that each kinase can discriminate among closely related sequences and can recognize a substrate site that diverges from its usual preferred site. To understand the basis for this paradoxical substrate specificity, we constructed a chimeric CDK with the T loop of CDK7 grafted onto the body of CDK2. Surprisingly, the hybrid enzyme, CDK2-7, was efficiently activated in cyclin A-dependent fashion by CDK7 but not at all by CDK2. CDK2-7, moreover, phosphorylated wild-type CDK7 but not CDK2. Our results suggest that the primary amino acid sequence of the T loop plays only a minor role, if any, in determining the specificity of cyclin-dependent CAKs for their CDK substrates and that protein-protein interactions involving sequences outside the T loop can influence substrate specificity both positively and negatively.

scholarly journals Invigoration and Capping of a Convective Rainband ahead of a Potential Vorticity Anomaly

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 2093-2117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraint Vaughan ◽  
Bogdan Antonescu ◽  
David M. Schultz ◽  
Christopher Dearden
Keyword(s):  
Potential Vorticity ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Deep convection frequently occurs on the eastern side of upper-level troughs, or potential vorticity (PV) anomalies. This is consistent with uplift ahead of a cyclonic PV anomaly, and consequent reduction in static stability and increase of convective available potential energy (CAPE). Nevertheless, the causal link between upper-level PV and deep convection has not been proven, and given that lift, moisture, and instability must all be present for deep convection to occur it is not clear that upper-level forcing is sufficient. In this paper a convective rainband that intensified ahead of a cyclonic PV anomaly in an environment with little CAPE (~10 J kg−1) is examined to determine the factors responsible for its intensification. The key feature was a low-level convergence line, arising from the remnants of an occluded front embedded in the low-level cyclonic flow. The rainband’s intensity and morphology was influenced by the remnants of a tropopause fold that capped convection at midlevels in the southern part of the band, and by a reduction in upper-level static stability in the northern part of the band that allowed the convection to reach the tropopause. Ascent ahead of the trough appears to have played only a minor role in conditioning the atmosphere to convection: in most cases the ascending airstream had previously descended in the flow west of the trough axis. Thus, simple “PV thinking” is not capable of describing the development of the rainband, and it is concluded that preexisting low-level wind and humidity features played the dominant role.

scholarly journals Symptomatic fever management in children: A systematic review of national and international guidelines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0245815
Author(s):  
Cari Green ◽  
Hanno Krafft ◽  
Gordon Guyatt ◽  
David Martin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Pediatric Society ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Symptomatic Management ◽  
Guideline Quality ◽  
High Level ◽  
Grade Assessment

Introduction Divergent attitudes towards fever have led to a high level of inconsistency in approaches to its management. In an attempt to overcome this, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the symptomatic management of fever in children have been produced by several healthcare organizations. To date, a comprehensive assessment of the evidence level of the recommendations made in these CPGs has not been carried out. Methods Searches were conducted on Pubmed, google scholar, pediatric society websites and guideline databases to locate CPGs from each country (with date coverage from January 1995 to September 2020). Rather than assessing overall guideline quality, the level of evidence for each recommendation was evaluated according to criteria of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM). A GRADE assessment was undertaken to assess the body of evidence related to a single question: the threshold for initiating antipyresis. Methods and results are reported according to the PRISMA statement. Results 74 guidelines were retrieved. Recommendations for antipyretic threshold, type and dose; ambient temperature; dress/covering; activity; fluids; nutrition; proctoclysis; external applications; complementary/herbal recommendations; media; and age-related treatment differences all varied widely. OCEBM evidence levels for most recommendations were low (Level 3–4) or indeterminable. The GRADE assessment revealed a very low level of evidence for a threshold for antipyresis. Conclusion There is no recommendation on which all guidelines agree, and many are inconsistent with the evidence–this is true even for recent guidelines. The threshold question is of fundamental importance and has not yet been answered. Guidelines for the most frequent intervention (antipyresis) remain problematic.

scholarly journals Relative Contribution of the ABC Transporters Cdr1, Pdh1, and Snq2 to Azole Resistance inCandida glabrata

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah G. Whaley ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Kelly E. Caudle ◽  
P. David Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Azole Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Azole Antifungals ◽  
Zinc Cluster ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor

ABSTRACTThe utility of the azole antifungals for the treatment of invasive candidiasis is severely hampered by azole resistance inCandida glabrata. This resistance is mediated almost exclusively by activating mutations in the zinc cluster transcription factor Pdr1, which controls the genes encoding the multidrug resistance transporters Cdr1, Pdh1, and Snq2. However, the specific relative contributions of these transporters to resistance are not known. To address this question, theSAT1flipper method was used to deleteCDR1,PDH1, andSNQ2in a strain ofC. glabrataengineered to carry a clinically relevant activating mutation inPDR1. Susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI guidelines, with minor modifications, and confirmed with Etest strips. Of the single-transporter-deletion strains, only theCDR1deletion resulted in a decreased azole MIC. The deletion ofPDH1in combination withCDR1resulted in a moderate decrease in MIC compared to that observed with the deletion ofCDR1alone.SNQ2deletion only decreased the MIC in the triple-deletion strain in the absence of bothCDR1andPDH1. The deletion of all three transporters in combination decreased the MIC to the level observed in thePDR1deletion strains for some, but not all, azoles tested, which indicates that additional Pdr1 targets likely play a minor role in this process. These results indicate that while Cdr1 is the most important Pdr1-mediated multidrug resistance transporter for azole resistance in this clinical isolate, all three of these transporters contribute to its high-level resistance to the azole antifungals.

scholarly journals Impact of MR on mature adipocytes in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Hayakawa ◽  
Tomomi Minemura ◽  
Toshiharu Onodera ◽  
Jihoon Shin ◽  
Yosuke Okuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
A Minor ◽  
High Sucrose

Active glucocorticoid levels are elevated in the adipose tissue of obesity due to the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Glucocorticoids can bind and activate both glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and pharmacological blockades of MR prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. To determine the significance of MR in adipocytes, we generated adipocyte-specific MR-knockout mice (AdipoMR-KO) and fed them high-fat/high-sucrose diet. We found that adipocyte-specific deletion of MR did not affect the body weight, fat weight, glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity. While liver weight was slightly reduced in AdipoMR-KO, there were no significant differences in the mRNA expression levels of genes associated with lipogenesis, lipolysis, adipocytokines and oxidative stress in adipose tissues between the control and AdipoMR-KO mice. The results indicated that MR in mature adipocytes plays a minor role in the regulation of insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced obese mice.

scholarly journals Construction and Characterization of Three Lactate Dehydrogenase-Negative Enterococcus faecalis V583 Mutants

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (14) ◽  
pp. 4901-4903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jönsson ◽  
Zhian Saleihan ◽  
Ingolf F. Nes ◽  
Helge Holo
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Metabolic Shift ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
Acetoin Production ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Formate Production

ABSTRACT The roles of the two ldh genes of Enterococcus faecalis were studied using knockout mutants. Deletion of ldh-1 causes a metabolic shift from homolactic fermentation to ethanol, formate, and acetoin production, with a high level of formate production even under aerobic conditions. Ldh-2 plays only a minor role in lactate production.

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