scholarly journals Free moment induced by oblique transverse tarsal joint: investigation by constructive approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Yuan Chen ◽  
Takahiro Kawakami ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara ◽  
Koh Hosoda
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Bipedal Walking ◽  
Transverse Motion ◽  
Constructive Approach ◽  
Tarsal Joint ◽  
Free Moments ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Free Moment

The human foot provides numerous functions that let humans deal with various environments. Recently, study of the structure of the human foot and adjustment of an appropriate reaction force and vertical free moment during bipedal locomotion has gained attention. However, little is known about the mechanical (morphological) contribution of the foot structure to the reaction force and free moment. It is difficult to conduct a comparative experiment to investigate the contribution systematically by using conventional methods with human and cadaver foot experiments. This study focuses on the oblique transverse tarsal joint (TTJ) of the human foot, whose mechanical structure can generate appropriate free moments. We conduct comparative experiments with a rigid foot, a non-oblique joint foot (i.e. mimicking only the flexion/extension of the midfoot), and an oblique joint foot. Axial loading and walking experiments were conducted with these feet. The axial loading experiment demonstrated that the oblique foot generated free moment in the direction of internal rotation, as observed in the human foot. The walking experiment showed that the magnitude of the free moment generated with the oblique foot is significantly lower than that with the rigid foot during the stance phase. Using this constructive approach, the present study demonstrated that the oblique axis of the TTJ can mechanically generate free moments. This capacity might affect the transverse motion of bipedal walking.

Quantification of vertical free moment induced by the human foot–ankle complex during axial loading

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-640
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Seki ◽  
Takeo Nagura ◽  
Yasunori Suda ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara ◽  
Kohta Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Cadaver ◽  
Free Moments ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Structural Mobility ◽  
Free Moment

Axial loading of the human cadaver lower leg is known to generate eversion of the calcaneus and internal rotation of the tibia if the plantar surface of the foot does not slide on the floor. Such kinematic coupling between calcaneal eversion and internal tibial rotation has been described previously, but no studies have actually quantified the innate ability of the human foot to generate ground reaction moment around the vertical axis of the floor (vertical free moment) due to axial loading of the human cadaver lower leg. This study investigated the vertical free moment generated by eight cadaveric lower leg specimens loaded vertically with traction of the Achilles’ tendon using a six-component force plate. The vertical free moments in all specimens were oriented toward the direction of internal rotation, and the mean magnitude of the vertical free moments was −1.66 N m when an axial load of 450 N was applied. A relatively large ground reaction moment can be applied to the body during walking due to the innate structural mobility of the foot. The structurally embedded capacity of the human foot to generate the vertical free moment may facilitate compensation of the moment generated around the vertical axis of the body during walking due to trunk rotation and leg swing.

Normalization of Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Moments, and Free Moments in Human Locomotion

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wannop ◽  
Jay T. Worobets ◽  
Darren J. Stefanyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Power Curve ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Free Moments ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Free Moment ◽  
The Relationship

Authors who report ground reaction force (GRF), free moment (FM), and resultant joint moments usually normalize these variables by division normalization. Normalization parameters include body weight (BW), body weight x height (BWH), and body weight x leg length (BWL). The purpose of this study was to explore the appropriateness of division normalization, power curve normalization, and offset normalization on peak GRF, FM, and resultant joint moments. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected on 98 subjects who walked at 1.2 and 1.8 m/s and ran at 3.4 and 4.0 m/s. Linear curves were best fit to the data, and regression analyses performed to test the significance of the correlations. It was found that the relationship between peak force and BW, as well as joint moments and BW, BWH, and BWL, were not always linear. After division normalization, significant correlations were still found. Power curve and offset normalization, however, were effective at normalizing all variables; therefore, when attempting to normalize GRF and joint moments, perhaps nonlinear or offset methods should be implemented.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional innate mobility of the human foot bones under axial loading using biplane X-ray fluoroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 171086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohta Ito ◽  
Koh Hosoda ◽  
Masahiro Shimizu ◽  
Shuhei Ikemoto ◽  
Takeo Nagura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Functional Adaptation ◽  
Bipedal Walking ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Foot Bones ◽  
Locking Mechanism ◽  
Morphology And Structure

The anatomical design of the human foot is considered to facilitate generation of bipedal walking. However, how the morphology and structure of the human foot actually contribute to generation of bipedal walking remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the three-dimensional kinematics of the foot bones under a weight-bearing condition using cadaver specimens, to characterize the innate mobility of the human foot inherently prescribed in its morphology and structure. Five cadaver feet were axially loaded up to 588 N (60 kgf), and radiographic images were captured using a biplane X-ray fluoroscopy system. The present study demonstrated that the talus is medioinferiorly translated and internally rotated as the calcaneus is everted owing to axial loading, causing internal rotation of the tibia and flattening of the medial longitudinal arch in the foot. Furthermore, as the talus is internally rotated, the talar head moves medially with respect to the navicular, inducing external rotation of the navicular and metatarsals. Under axial loading, the cuboid is everted simultaneously with the calcaneus owing to the osseous locking mechanism in the calcaneocuboid joint. Such detailed descriptions about the innate mobility of the human foot will contribute to clarifying functional adaptation and pathogenic mechanisms of the human foot.

Roller Massage Prior to Running Does Not Affect Gait Mechanics in Well-Trained Runners

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jessica G. Hunter ◽  
Gina L. Garcia ◽  
Sushant M. Ranadive ◽  
Jae Kun Shim ◽  
Ross H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Average Load ◽  
Load Rate ◽  
Free Moment ◽  
Muscle Force Production

Context: Understanding if roller massage prior to a run can mitigate fatigue-related decrements in muscle force production during prolonged running is important because of the association between fatigue and running-related injury. Objective: The authors investigated whether a bout of roller massage prior to running would (1) mitigate fatigue-related increases in vertical average load rate and free moment of the ground reaction force of running and (2) mitigate decreases in maximal countermovement jump height. Design: Repeated-measures study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: A total of 14 recreational endurance athletes (11 men and 3 women) volunteered for the study. Interventions: A 12.5-minute foam roller protocol for the lower extremities and a fatiguing 30-minute treadmill run. Main Outcome Measures: Vertical average load rate, free moment, and maximal jump height before (PRE) and after (POST) the fatiguing treadmill run on separate experimental days: once where participants sat quietly prior to the fatiguing run (REST) and another where the foam roller protocol was performed prior to the run (ROLL). Results: A 2-way multiple analysis of variance found no significant differences in vertical average load rate, free moment, and jump height between PRE/POST times in both REST/ROLL conditions. Conclusions: The authors concluded that recreational endurance athletes maintain running mechanics and jump performance after a fatiguing run regardless of prerun roller massage and may not rely on prerun roller massage as a form of injury prevention.

scholarly journals Usability of gait analysis in the alignment of trans-tibial prostheses: A clinical study

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. van Velzen ◽  
H. Houdijk ◽  
W. Polomski ◽  
C. A. M. van Bennekom
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Prosthetic Alignment ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics

The purpose of the study was to investigate which systematic effects of prosthetic misalignment could be observed with the use of the SYBAR system. The alignment of the prosthesis of five well-trained unilateral trans-tibial amputees was changed 158 in magnitude in varus, valgus, flexion, extension, endorotation, exorotation, dorsal flexion, and plantar flexion. Subjects walked over a distance of 8 m at a self-selected walking speed with the alignment of the prosthesis as it was at the start of the experiment (reference) and with each changed alignment. Two video cameras (frontal and sagittal) and a force plate of the SYBAR system (Noldus Information Technology, The Netherlands) were used to capture gait characteristics of the subjects. Temporal and spatial characteristics, the magnitude and timing of the ground reaction force (GRF), and the external joint moments were derived from these data. Despite the substantial perturbations to prosthetic alignment, only a few effects were observed in the temporal and spatial characteristics of gait, the magnitude and timing of the GRF, and the external joint moments. Only the pattern of the ground reaction force in the mediolateral direction and the joint moment around the ankle in the frontal plane during terminal stance showed a systematic effect when the alignment was set into varus and valgus or exorotation. It was concluded that using the SYBAR system in this study revealed little effect of perturbations in prosthetic alignment, for this group of patients, and for the selected parameters. It was questioned whether this is due to the relatively low resolution of the SYBAR system or the capacity of the well-trained subjects to compensate for the disturbance in alignment. It was suggested that the usability of the SYBAR system in clinical settings should be further explored.

Biomechanics of the tarsal mechanism. A key to the function of the normal human foot

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Huson
Keyword(s):  
Joint Function ◽  
Tarsal Joint ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Midtarsal Joint ◽  
The Relationship

This article describes the function of the tarsal complex as a constrained mechanism. The relationship between the interdependence of the motions of the tarsal joints and the special nature of tarsal joint function is explained, with emphasis on the midtarsal joint and its presumed two axes of motion.

scholarly journals Simulating bipedal walking using a translating center of pressure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karna Potwar ◽  
Dongheui Lee
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Bipedal Walking ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Fast Walking ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Steady State Solutions

AbstractDuring walking, foot orientation and foot placement allow humans to stabilize their gait and to move forward. Consequently the upper body adapts to the ground reaction force (GRF) transmitted through the feet. The foot-ground contact is often modeled as a fixed pivot in bipedal models for analysis of locomotion. The fixed pivot models, however, cannot capture the effect of shift in the pivot point from heel to toe. In this study, we propose a novel bipedal model, called SLIPCOP, which employs a translating center of pressure (COP) in a spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. The translating COP has two modes: one with a constant speed of translation and the other as the weighted function of the GRF in the fore aft direction. We use the relation between walking speed and touchdown (TD) angle as well as walking speed and COP speed, from existing literature, to restrict steady state solutions within the human walking domain. We find that with these relations, SLIPCOP provides steady state solutions for very slow to very fast walking speeds unlike SLIP. SLIPCOP for normal to very fast walking speed shows good accuracy in estimating COM amplitude and swing stance ratio. SLIPCOP is able to estimate the distance traveled by the COP during stance with high precision.

An in vitro biomechanical comparison between bone plate and interlocking nail

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Diop ◽  
N. Maurel ◽  
E. Viguier ◽  
A. Bernardé
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Fracture Repair ◽  
Transverse Motion ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Interlocking Nail ◽  
Bone Strains

SummaryIn order to compare the interfragmentary motion and bone strains in ostectomized canine femurs, stabilized with either an 8 mm interlocking nail system (IN) or a 10-hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression broad plate (DCP), ten pairs of adult canine femurs with a 25 mm mid-diaphyseal gap were used. The left femurs were implanted with a DCP and eight bi-cortical screws, and the right femurs were implanted with an IN and three screws. Eccentric axial loading and cranio-caudal bending were successively performed on every specimen. Employing an opto-electronic device, interfragmentary (axial, transverse and rotational) motion was measured during non-destructive tests. Bone strains were measured at three elective sites, with strain gauges in four pairs of the specimen. The mean values of axial and transverse motion were compared using a paired t-test within each group (P <0.05). Strain values were compared using a numerical scale and a qualitative analysis. Transverse motion was higher with DCP, whereas axial motion was higher with IN. Bone strain analysis demonstrated lower “stress protection” near the gap with IN. Those comparative results are interpretative: IN may be an interesting alternative implant for unstable diaphyseal femoral fracture repair in dogs.

scholarly journals Biomechanical analysis of distraction forces on the posterior meniscal roots to optimize early rehabilitation protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9_suppl7) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0051
Author(s):  
Sophia Ellermann ◽  
Christoph Kittl ◽  
Andre Frank ◽  
Jens Wermers ◽  
Johannes Glasbrenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Full Extension ◽  
Root Repair ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flexion Extension

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the distraction forces of the medial and lateral posterior meniscal roots after repair (PMMR, PLMR) at different degrees of flexion and axial load. Hypotheses: It was hypothesized that with increasing axial load and flexion angle, the distraction forces on the meniscal roots increase continuously. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were axially loaded in a custom made kinematics rigs with 0 N, 200 N and 400 N throughout a continuous flexion-extension cycle (0°-90°). The distraction forces acting on the PMMR and PLMR were determined in three scenarios: 1) native knee joint, 2) after bilateral detachment of the posterior meniscal roots and following root repair, 3) after resection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). To measure the distraction forces, the FiberWire No. 2 (Arthrex, Inc.) sutures used for the root repairs were shuttled transtibially through a 2.4 mm bone tunnel and tied over a force sensor mounted on the anterior tibia with a pretension of 2 N. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated- measures ANOVA with a post-hoc Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Results: Overall, the different investigated knee states as well as the degree of flexion showed a significant effect on the distraction forces on the posterior meniscal roots (p <0.01). An axial load of 200 N and 400 N resulted in a significant increase of the distraction forces on both menisci over the entire range of motion compared to an unloaded state (p < 0.01). When no axial load was applied, the distraction forces after PMMR and PLMR refixation were not significantly affected by the degree of flexion (p > 0.05). With axial loading of 200 N and 400 N, the distraction forces on the PLMR were significantly higher at flexion angles between 15° and 90° compared to full extension (p <0.01). In contrast, the distraction forces on the PMMR were highest close to extension (0° -30°) and decreased significantly towards 90° of flexion when the knees were loaded with 200 N and 400 N (p <0.01). When the ACL was removed, a significant increase of the distraction forces at the posterior meniscal roots was observed (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Axial loading significantly increases the distraction forces after posterior meniscal root repair. Therefore, axial loading should be avoided in the early postoperative phase. Furthermore, data of this study shows that passive exercise between 0° and 90° flexion can be performed without significantly affecting the forces acting on the menisci.

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