scholarly journals Mitigating the externality of diseases of poverty through health aid

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Jnawali ◽  
Michael G. Tyshenko ◽  
Tamer Oraby
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Health Aid ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Positive Externality ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Externality exists in healthcare when an individual benefits from others being healthy as it reduces the probability of getting sick from illness. Healthy workers are considered to be the more productive labourers leading to a country’s positive economic growth over time. Several research studies have modelled disease transmission and its economic impact on a single country in isolation. We developed a two-country disease-economy model that explores disease transmission and cross-border infection of disease for its impacts. The model includes aspects of a worsening and rapid transmission of disease juxtaposed by positive impacts to the economy from tourism. We found that high friction affects the gross domestic product (GDP) of the lower-income country more than the higher-income country. Health aid from one country to another can substantially help grow the GDP of both countries due to the positive externality of disease reduction. Disease has less impact to both economies if the relative cost of treatment over an alternative (e.g. vaccination) is lower than the baseline value. Providing medical supplies to another country, adopting moderate friction between the countries, and finding treatments with lower costs result in the best scenario to preserve the GDP of both countries.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC COSTS OF HOSPITALIZATION AND LENGTH OF STAY IN DIABETES WITH CO-EXISTING HYPERTENSION WITH CORRELATION TO LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: WHERE DOES INDIA STAND? A FIVE YEARS GROUND REPORT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Ashish Baldi ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
North India ◽  
Median Cost ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Investigations

Introduction: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) worsen clinical outcomes and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aims to analyze the length of stay and healthcare costs by calculating the direct and indirect costs of diabetes with co-existing hypertension in North India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the medicine department of the three different hospitals. Results: The patients’ mean age was found to be (M=53.8, SD=11.5) years. Out of 1914 patients, 53.65% were found female. Our study revealed that the median cost of medical supplies and equipment was found to be 21.2 $. The median cost of dialysis was found at 47.5 $; the median cost of hospitalization was found to be 142.6 $. The treatment’s median direct cost was 188.5 $, followed by the overall median cost of 295.6 $. The maximum overall cost of treatment was observed at 603.9 $. It was observed that that maximum LOS was found to be 14 days for patients having BPS between 140 to 159 mmHg and BPD between 110- 119 mmHg, and minimum LOS was found to be 3.5 days. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that diabetes co-existing hypertension poses a high economic burden on patients. This study explored that highly significant result for BPS, BPD, FBS, and HbA1c, whereas the significant results were obtained when RBS is compared with LOS and treatment costs. Our study concluded that mean difference of 9.24 $ in patients having FBS: 261-290 mg/dl and > 290 mg/dL. The LOS increases 6.57 days for patients with BPS between 140-159 mmHg compared to BPS between 180 -above 209 mmHg, which lower treatment costs by -21.31$. Keywords: Diabetes, Hypertension, length of stay, cost of treatment, direct medical cost, indirect medical cost

scholarly journals Assessing the knowledge, attitude and perception on workplace readiness regarding COVID-19 among health care providers in Ethiopia—An internet-based survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247848
Author(s):  
Agazi Fitsum Gebreselassie ◽  
Abebe Bekele ◽  
Heaven Yeshaneh Tatere ◽  
Rex Wong
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Workplace Readiness ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background Healthcare facilities in Ethiopia are responsible for collecting samples for testing and treating COVID-19 patients, providing COVID-19 information to staff, establishment of response teams, and provision of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE). Working at the frontlines against the pandemic, health care providers’ level of knowledge about COVID-19, attitude towards their work, and confidence in the preparedness of their facilities are essential factors in mounting a successful response. Objectives This study investigated the knowledge level of HCP in Ethiopia on this novel coronavirus, and their perspectives on whether their workplaces have sufficient preparedness to handle this disease. Methods A self-administered online survey was conducted. Results The knowledge related to COVID-19 among HCPs was high, with an overall average of 91.5%. The majority of our respondents were supportive to the government’s measures to minimize disease transmission, but most of them were also frustrated by how COVID affected their day to day lives. The majority of them were worried about contracting COVID at work and transmitting the infection to their families. Most respondents did not feel safe going to work (P<0.001). Apart from providing adequate information on COVID-19, most workplaces did not have sufficient PPE (P<000.1) and medical supplies (P<0.001). Close to 50% of respondents agreed and disagreed that their workplaces had clear protocols for handling COVID-19 (P = 0.144). Those who handled known COVID patients were more likely to agree their workplaces had clear protocols (OR = 2.69, P<0.001). Conclusion Improving supplies of PPEs and establishing a clear communicating protocol in handling COVID patients are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Cross Border Shopping from the Perspective of Domestic Tourists in Padang Besar, Perlis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Azila Azmi ◽  
Nurdin Ibrahim ◽  
Aida Khalida Mohamed Idris ◽  
Zamri Ahmad ◽  
Norfezah Md Nor
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Shopping Area ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Border Town ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Padang Besar is a border town in Malaysia and it is located in the northern part of Perlis, which shares a border with the province of Songkhla, Thailand. This border town is popular for shopping activities among Malaysian and Thai. Most visitors and tourists come during the weekends, sometimes up to thousands at one time. This research paper examines the motivations of cross border shoppers from the perspective of domestic tourists in Padang Besar, Perlis. The objective is to identify the consumer characteristics and analyze the relationship between market characteristics with cross border shopping. This study employs quantitative method and the data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Statistical software was used to analyze the 375 returned questionnaires. The findings revealed that most of the domestic tourists came from the lower income group and most of them were day tripper. They tend to spend more on food and beverages, while their average spending is more than RM300. Moreover, market characteristics show strong positive relationship towards this shopping activity. The information gathered is beneficial for both neighbouring countries as the government can help to improve the shopping area by facilitating the development with related tourism infrastructure and amenities.

scholarly journals 18. Prevalence and factors the transmission of disease Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) on dog hunter in Payakumbuh

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Fadli Saputra ◽  
Roslizawaty Roslizawaty ◽  
Amiruddin Amiruddin ◽  
Nuzul Asmilia ◽  
T. Reza Ferasyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Hunting Dog ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Tumor (TVT) aim of this study was to find out the prevalence and the factors were of Transmissible Venereal disease transmission on Dog Hunter in Payakumbuh. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional observational study (cross-sectional). Data collected through interviews by using questionnaires and observations of the condition of the Dog Hunter. The owners of hunter dogs were selected by purposive sampling. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively. Interviews were conducted with 110 people hunting dog owners with the total number of hunting dogs were observed as many as 300 individuals. The results showed that the prevalence rate of the Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) disease on Dog Hunter in Payakumbuh is 1,33%. Factors the disease emergence were the mating habits of the dog were uncontrolled, the high levels of dogs sexual activity that was free to roam, the habitual of  sniffing and licking genitals of infected dogs TVT, and also does not apply the principles of biosecurity property.

scholarly journals Import, Export and Economic Growth: the Case of Lower Income Country

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Helal Uddin ◽  
Mst. JamiaJannat Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Lower Income

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19 government travel restrictions on mobility in a rural border area of Northern Thailand: A mobile phone tracking study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245842
Author(s):  
Peter Haddawy ◽  
Saranath Lawpoolsri ◽  
Chaitawat Sa-ngamuang ◽  
Myat Su Yin ◽  
Thomas Barkowsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Radius Of Gyration ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Thai Population ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross Border Movement

Background Thailand is among the top five countries with effective COVID-19 transmission control. This study examines how news of presence of COVID-19 in Thailand, as well as varying levels of government restriction on movement, affected human mobility in a rural Thai population along the border with Myanmar. Methods This study makes use of mobility data collected using a smartphone app. Between November 2019 and June 2020, four major events concerning information dissemination or government intervention give rise to five time intervals of analysis. Radius of gyration is used to analyze movement in each interval, and movement during government-imposed curfew. Human mobility network visualization is used to identify changes in travel patterns between main geographic locations of activity. Cross-border mobility analysis highlights potential for intervillage and intercountry disease transmission. Results Inter-village and cross-border movement was common in the pre-COVID-19 period. Radius of gyration and cross-border trips decreased following news of the first imported cases. During the government lockdown period, radius of gyration was reduced by more than 90% and cross-border movement was mostly limited to short-distance trips. Human mobility was nearly back to normal after relaxation of the lockdown. Conclusions This study provides insight into the impact of the government lockdown policy on an area with extremely low socio-economic status, poor healthcare resources, and highly active cross-border movement. The lockdown had a great impact on reducing individual mobility, including cross-border movement. The quick return to normal mobility after relaxation of the lockdown implies that close monitoring of disease should be continued to prevent a second wave.

Disparities in Access to Surgical Care within a Lower Income Country: An Alarming Inequity

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1470-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Nabeel Zafar ◽  
Zafar Fatmi ◽  
Aftab Iqbal ◽  
Roomasa Channa ◽  
Adil H. Haider
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Care ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Lower Income

A disease transmission model based on individual cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (32) ◽  
pp. 2050323
Author(s):  
Fuzhong Nian ◽  
Yayong Shi ◽  
Zhongkai Dang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Small World ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Individual Cognition ◽  
Disease Transmission Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Recently, the study about the disease transmission has received widespread attention. In the dynamics process of infectious disease, individual’s cognition about disease-related knowledge is an important factor that controls disease transmission. The disease-related information includes the cause, symptoms, transmission route and so on. Disease-related knowledge would influence the individual’s attitude toward disease, and influence the transmission rate and scale of the infectious disease. In order to study the impact of individual cognition on the transmission of disease, the disease transmission model based on individual cognition is proposed in this paper. Based on this model, we numerically simulate the transmission of disease in the small-world network and the BA scale-free network, respectively, and analyze the transmission dynamics behavior of the infectious disease. The simulation experiment verifies the validity of the theoretical result, which shows that this model is closer to the reality than traditional models.

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