scholarly journals ECONOMIC COSTS OF HOSPITALIZATION AND LENGTH OF STAY IN DIABETES WITH CO-EXISTING HYPERTENSION WITH CORRELATION TO LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS: WHERE DOES INDIA STAND? A FIVE YEARS GROUND REPORT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Sharma ◽  
Ashish Baldi ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
North India ◽  
Median Cost ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Investigations

Introduction: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) worsen clinical outcomes and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study aims to analyze the length of stay and healthcare costs by calculating the direct and indirect costs of diabetes with co-existing hypertension in North India. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at the medicine department of the three different hospitals. Results: The patients’ mean age was found to be (M=53.8, SD=11.5) years. Out of 1914 patients, 53.65% were found female. Our study revealed that the median cost of medical supplies and equipment was found to be 21.2 $. The median cost of dialysis was found at 47.5 $; the median cost of hospitalization was found to be 142.6 $. The treatment’s median direct cost was 188.5 $, followed by the overall median cost of 295.6 $. The maximum overall cost of treatment was observed at 603.9 $. It was observed that that maximum LOS was found to be 14 days for patients having BPS between 140 to 159 mmHg and BPD between 110- 119 mmHg, and minimum LOS was found to be 3.5 days. Conclusion: The present study highlighted that diabetes co-existing hypertension poses a high economic burden on patients. This study explored that highly significant result for BPS, BPD, FBS, and HbA1c, whereas the significant results were obtained when RBS is compared with LOS and treatment costs. Our study concluded that mean difference of 9.24 $ in patients having FBS: 261-290 mg/dl and > 290 mg/dL. The LOS increases 6.57 days for patients with BPS between 140-159 mmHg compared to BPS between 180 -above 209 mmHg, which lower treatment costs by -21.31$. Keywords: Diabetes, Hypertension, length of stay, cost of treatment, direct medical cost, indirect medical cost

scholarly journals National Economic Burden Associated with Management of Periodontitis in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom ◽  
Rasidah Ayob ◽  
Khairiyah Abd Muttalib ◽  
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Keyword(s):  
Societal Perspective ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Cost

Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic burden associated with the management of periodontitis in Malaysia from the societal perspective.Methods. We estimated the economic burden of periodontitis by combining the disease prevalence with its treatment costs. We estimated treatment costs (with 2012 value of Malaysian Ringgit) using the cost-of-illness approach and included both direct and indirect costs. We used the National Oral Health Survey for Adults (2010) data to estimate the prevalence of periodontitis and 2010 national census data to estimate the adult population at risk for periodontitis.Results. The economic burden of managing all cases of periodontitis at the national level from the societal perspective was approximately MYR 32.5 billion, accounting for 3.83% of the 2012 Gross Domestic Product of the country. It would cost the nation MYR 18.3 billion to treat patients with moderate periodontitis and MYR 13.7 billion to treat patients with severe periodontitis.Conclusion. The economic burden of periodontitis in Malaysia is substantial and comparable with that of other chronic diseases in the country. This is attributable to its high prevalence and high cost of treatment. Judicious application of promotive, preventive, and curative approaches to periodontitis management is decidedly warranted.

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Tuberculosis Diabetes Co-Morbidity in Tuberculosis Patients Attending Two Chest Clinics in Lagos State

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
F.A. Ayeni ◽  
O.O. Oyetunde ◽  
B.A. Aina ◽  
H.O. Yarah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Significant Burden

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) three-fold. The cost of accessing care for TB-DM co-morbidity poses a significant burden on patients, as they bear both direct and indirect costs of treatment, mostly of out-of-pocket.Objective: To estimate the direct medical cost of illness in patients with TB-DM co-morbidity in two chest clinics in Lagos State.Materials and Methods: An observational study, carried out in two chest clinics in Lagos State to evaluate direct medical costs associated with TBDM co-morbidity during TB treatment. A semi structured questionnaire, pharmacy price list of drugs and an online transportation service lara.ng was employed to document and quantify prescribed medications, laboratory investigations, number of clinic attendance and attendant transportation costs.Results: Among the participants, 53.8% were females. The mean age was 50.7±9.7 years. The total direct medical and non-medical costs for TBDM management was NGN8,604,819 (USD24,585.20) for the duration of TB treatment. Average cost per patient (CPP) was NGN179,384.85 (USD512.53). This was equivalent to 49.8% of the current national minimum wage. Male patients incurred more mean direct medical cost than female patients (NGN26, 647.90 vs NGN24, 020.40), while female patients incurred more mean direct non-medical costs than the males (NGN22, 314.30 versus NGN13, 041.70). Patients aged 60 years and above incurred the highest mean direct costs compared to other age groups.Conclusion: Direct medical costs are substantial in TBDM co-morbidity and increase with age.

A social-economic burden of rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps with comorbid asthma and influence of dupilumab

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
I. S. Krysanov ◽  
V. S. Krysanova ◽  
V. Yu. Ermakova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Biologic Drugs ◽  
State Position ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (RwNP) is a one of most common comorbidities in asthma and contrariwise and can lead to exacerbation of severe asthma (SA). Dupilumab is a perspective medicine for treatment of both, because it decreases exacerbations and prevents of a necessity of surgeon. Economics aspects of dupilumab treatment in RwNP + SA are not examined yet. Thus aim of this study was evaluation of social-economic burden of RwNP + SA in the Russian Federation and dupilumab influence on it. Materials and methods. Direct medical (cost of medicines, treatment in outpatients department and in hospital, including surgery and rate of exacerbations per year) and non-medical (payment for temporary and stable disability) and indirect costs (GDP loses) in RwNP + SA patients have been evaluated. Medical cure of a patient with RwNP + SA was created according to survey of experts from different regions of Russia. Modelling of expenditures was prepared on all calculated cohort of potential patients with RwNP + SA from “State” position and growing approach. Results. Expenditures for cure of one patient with RwNP were as 234 217,71 RUR/year. Weighted average costs for one patient with RwNP + SA were 1 881 883,39 RUR, and mostly were associated with indirect costs. Dupilumab can decrease expenditures for one patient with RwNP + SA till 1 593 162,87 RUR (on 15,3 %) annually. Potential cohort with RwNP + SA has been estimated above 39 thousand patients. Total economic burden of RwNP + SA in Russia were estimated as 1,7 bln RUR. Dupilumab usage in patients with RwNP + SA fixed in Register can help decrease economic burden on 259 mln RUR annually. Hidden economic burden of comorbidity can reach 73,4 bln RUR (for all calculated / modelled cohort of patients with RwNP + SA), dupilumab saves 11,3 bln RUR annually in this scenario. Conclusion. Comorbid pathology — RwNP+SA has a sufficient social-economic burden in Russia, that could be decreased by modern biologic drugs, in particular, with dupilumab.

ANALISA COST OF ILLNESS AKIBAT PENGGUNAAN NSAIDS DI SEBUAH APOTEK DI KOTA MEDAN, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Hari Ronaldo Tanjung ◽  
Azmi Sarriff ◽  
Urip Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Undesirable Event ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Drug Therapy Problems ◽  
Pharmacy Setting

Background: A drug therapy problem is any undesirable event experienced by a patient which involves, or is suspected to involve drug therapy and that interferes with achieving the desired goals of therapy. Drug Therapy Problems (DTPs) can lead to ineffective pharmacotherapy and may cause drug-related morbidity and mortality.Objective: The study aimed to estimates the direct medical cost of illness caused by the drug morbidity or mortality related to NSAID utilization in a community pharmacy setting at Medan, Indonesia.Method: Thisstudy used 7 (seven) categories probabilities and costs associated with the therapeutic outcomes to estimate the direct medical cost of illness resulting from morbidity related NSAIDs utilization. Direct non medical costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs related to drug-related-morbidity and mortality were not valued in this cost-of-illness analysis.The duration of the study was from July 2009 to October 2010.Result: The patient that experienced NSAIDs-related morbidity estimated to spend Rp.467.848,- each and Rp.11.696.200,- in total to managing the morbidity. Every Rp.1,- spent on NSAIDs therapy, an additional Rp.1,45,- was estimated to spent in managing morbidity related NSAIDs utilization.Conclusion: This result showed the cost of illnessrelated morbidity of NSAIDs utilization exceeds the cost of the medications themselves

scholarly journals Hidden Costs of Hospital-Based Delivery Among Women Using Public Hospitals in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 215013271989644
Author(s):  
Melese Merga ◽  
Tilahun Fufa Debela ◽  
Tesfamichael Alaro
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
Bale Zone ◽  
Care System

Background: The Ethiopian health care system since 2005 has encouraged safe enhanced obstetrical care. However, hospital delivery has remained expensive for poor households due to hidden costs. Hidden costs are the costs that are not accounted for in direct hospital costs. The aim of this study was to estimate the hidden costs of institutional delivery and to identify its associated factors. Methods: A health facility–based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bale zone from August 13 to September 2, 2018. Exit interviews were conducted among women who gave birth at the selected hospitals. A total of 390 women from 1 referral hospital and 2 general hospitals were included into the study. Systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to identify the predictors of the hidden cost of institutional delivery. Result: The median hidden cost of institutional delivery was 877.5 ETB (32.03 USD). The median of the direct medical cost of normal delivery was 280 ETB (10.21 USD) while the direct nonmedical cost was 230 ETB (8.40 USD). For cesarean section, the median direct medical cost was 292 ETB (10.66 USD) while indirect costs were 591 ETB (21.60 USD). For forceps delivery, the direct medical cost was 362 ETB (13.21 USD) while the direct medical cost was 360 (13.14 USD). Distance of household from the hospital (β = 0.165), length of stay at the hospital (β = 0.050), mode of delivery (β = −0.067), and family monthly income (β = 0.201) were the explanatory variables significantly associated with the hidden cost. Conclusion: This study showed hidden cost of facility-based delivery was high. Distance, length of stay, income, and mode of delivery were the predictor of hidden cost. Ethiopian health care system should consider the hidden costs for pregnant women and their families.

scholarly journals The costs of traumatic head injury and associated factors at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilak Asmamaw ◽  
Mezgebu Yitayal ◽  
Ayal Debie ◽  
Simegnew Handebo
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Traumatic Head Injury ◽  
Traumatic Head ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Head injuries account for 650,000 annual deaths worldwide. The cost for treating head injury was estimated at US $200 million annually. This contributes to economic impoverishment in low income countries like Ethiopia. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the cost of Traumatic Head Injury (THI) and associated factors in the University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital. Method An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 01 to May 30, 2017. A total of 387 THI patients were included in the study. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Direct costs and indirect costs were measured by using the bottom-up approach. Data were entered into Epi-Info version 7 and imported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were done to identify factors associated with cost of THI. Results The mean cost of THI per patient was 4673.43 Ethiopian Birr (ETB), 95% CI (4523.6-4823.3), and length of hospital stay averaged 1.73, 95% CI (1.63–1.82). Direct non-medical cost, like transportation fee 1896.19 ETB (±762.56 SD) and medical costs 1101.66 ETB (±534.13 SD) were account for 40.57 and 23.58% of total costs respectively. The indirect cost, loss of income by patient and their attendant due to injury, was 1675.58 ETB (+ 459.26 SD). Patients with moderate and severe levels of injury have 635.167 ETB (Standardized coefficient = 0.173, p < 0.001) and 773.621 ETB (Standardized coefficient = 0. 132, p < 0.001) increased costs, respectively, compared to mild level THI patients. Costs for patients ages 31–45 years were 252.504 ETB (Standardized coefficient = − 0.066, p = 0.046) lower than costs for those 5–14 years old. The cost of THI patients increased by 1022.853 ETB for each additional day of hospital length of stay (Standardized coefficient = 0.648, p < 0.001). Conclusion Most expenses of the THI were from direct non-medical cost. Prior health service use, length of stay, level of injury, and age were significant predictors of cost of THI.

scholarly journals Hospital treatment costs and length of stay associated with hypertension and multimorbidity after hemorrhagic stroke

BMC Neurology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian V. Specogna ◽  
Tanvir C. Turin ◽  
Scott B. Patten ◽  
Michael D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Hospital Treatment

Hospitalization of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is a major cause of direct and indirect healthcare costs

Lupus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 756-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Anandarajah ◽  
M Luc ◽  
C T Ritchlin
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs

Objectives The objective of this study was to calculate the direct and indirect costs of admission for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, identify the population at risk and investigate potential reasons for admission. Methods We conducted a financial analysis of all admissions for SLE to Strong Memorial Hospital between 1 July 2013 and 30 June 2015. Patient and financial records for admissions with a SLE diagnosis for the above period were retrieved. The total cost of admissions was used as a measure of direct costs and the length of stay used to assess indirect costs. Additionally, we analyzed the demographics of the hospitalized population. Results The average, annual cost of confirmed admissions to Strong Memorial Hospital for SLE was US$3.9–6.4 m. The mean annual cost per patient for hospitalization was US$51,808.41. The length of stay for all SLE patients was 1564–2507 days with an average of 8.5 days per admission. The majority of patients admitted were young women from the city of Rochester. Infections were the most common reason for admissions. Conclusion We demonstrated that admissions are a source of high direct and indirect costs to the hospital and a significant financial burden to the patient. Implementing measures to improve the quality of care for SLE patients will help decrease the morbidity and lower the economic costs to hospitals.

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