The effect of ammonium on photosynthesis and the pathway of ammonium assimilation in Gymnodinium microadriaticum in vitro and in symbiosis with tridacnid clams and corals

1986 ◽  
Vol 227 (1247) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ammonium Uptake ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Symbiotic Algae

The effects of added ammonium ion (10-1000 μM) on photosynthetic 14 CO 2 fixation by tissues slices from the mantle of tridacnid clams, by coral tips, and by isolated zooxanthellae from clam mantle were examined. Ammonium ions stimulated photosynthesis in tissue slices but not in freshly isolated zooxanthellae. When ammonium stimulated 14 CO 2 fixation by coral tips an increase in water-soluble labelled compounds, especially amino acids, was observed. Even though ammonium ions did not stimulate photosynthesis in isolated zooxanthellae from clam mantle, light stimulated ammonium uptake in these cells. Studies with 15 NH + 4 confirmed earlier observations (in zooxanthellae isolated from Hippopus ) of light-stimulated transfer of ammonium from the amido-N of glutamine to the amino-N of glutamate, glutamine and other amino acids. This observation, in isolated zooxanthellae and tissue slices, suggests that the glutamine synthase-glutamate synthetase pathway of ammonium incorporation is light-driven in these systems. The possible significance of these processes during ammonium recycling by symbiotic algae in marine animals is discussed.

Nitrogen recycling or nitrogen conservation in an alga-invertebrate symbiosis?

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (16) ◽  
pp. 2445-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wang ◽  
AE Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Production ◽  
Nitrogen Conservation

When corals and allied animals are deprived of their symbiotic algae, the ammonium content in their tissues rises. This is commonly interpreted as evidence for nitrogen recycling (i.e. algal assimilation of animal waste ammonium into amino acids that are released back to the animal), but it can also be explained as nitrogen conservation by the animal (i.e. reduced net ammonium production in response to the receipt of algal photosynthetic carbon). This study discriminated between these interpretations in two ways. First, the increased ammonium concentration in the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella, caused by darkness or depletion of the alga Symbiodinium, was partially or completely reversed by supplementing the medium with organic carbon compounds (e.g. <IMG src="/images/symbols/&agr ;.gif" WIDTH="9" HEIGHT="12" ALIGN= "BOTTOM" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">-ketoglutarate). Second, the activity of the ammonium-assimilating enzyme glutamine synthetase and the concentration of protein amino acids in the free amino acid pool of the animal, which were depressed by darkness and algal depletion, were restored by exogenous carbon compounds. It is concluded that organic carbon, whether derived from algal photosynthate or exogenously, promotes the animal's capacity for ammonium assimilation and reduces ammonium production from amino acid degradation. These processes contribute to nitrogen conservation in the animal, but they confound the interpretation of various studies on nitrogen recycling by symbiotic algae.

Orally Ingested Microencapsulated Urease and an Adsorbent, Zirconium Phosphate, to Remove Urea in Kidney Failure

1987 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Wolfe ◽  
T.M.S. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Zirconium Phosphate ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Dialysis Therapy ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
In Series ◽  
Removal System

Dialysis is the conventional treatment for chronic renal failure. It is cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming and thus alternate treatments have long been sought. A compact system consisting of haemoperfusion in series with ultrafiltration can nearly replace dialysis. A urea removal system is the only step required to complete this approach. The potential of combining a microencapsulated enzyme, urease, with an ammonium ion adsorbent, zirconium phosphate, to remove urea was examined in vitro. Urease converts urea to ammonium ions which are then adsorbed on-to zirconium phosphate. This combination would be most effective in the intestinal tract. The capacity of zirconium phosphate is probably not enough to effect the removal of enough urea to completely replace dialysis in patients with no renal function. However, this system could potentially 1) delay the onset of dialysis therapy in patients who still have some renal function, either alone or in combination with haemoperfusion-ultrafiltration, or 2) reduce dialysis treatment times.

scholarly journals In vitro assessment of the capacity of certain mycotoxin binders to adsorb some amino acids and water-soluble vitamins

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 3125-3132
Author(s):  
A. Kihal ◽  
M. Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
C. Godoy ◽  
C. Cristofol ◽  
S. Calsamiglia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vitro Assessment

scholarly journals Amino acid metabolism of experimental granulation tissue in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Aalto ◽  
Kirsti Lampiaho ◽  
J. Pikkarainen ◽  
E. Kulonen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Intracellular Volume

1. The intracellular volume in granulation tissue was about 15% of the total urea space. 2. The experimental granuloma has a greater ability to retain amino acids during the proliferation phase than later during the synthesis of collagen. 3. The synthesis of collagen and other proteins by granulation tissue is related to the concentrations of proline and glutamic acid in the medium. 4. The rate of synthesis of proline from glutamic acid in granulation-tissue slices is greatest during collagen synthesis. It is enhanced by lactate. 5. Extracellular cations influence the synthesis of collagen and ouabain is inhibitory. Synthesis of other proteins is less sensitive in this respect. 6. It is suggested that the synthesis of collagen is related to the supply of certain amino acids, especially proline, and hence to the redox balance, and also to the function of the cell wall.

scholarly journals LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE

1956 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Johnson ◽  
Herbert R. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Virus Growth ◽  
Viral Multiplication ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Synthetic Media ◽  
Stimulation Of

When chick embryo tissues cultivated for 13 days in Hanks's balanced salt solution (BSS) were infected with psittacosis virus (6BC), they did not support active viral multiplication until synthetic medium 199 of Parker (3) was added. By testing various combinations of the substances in this and other synthetic media, it was found that the minimum number of compounds required to effectively stimulate virus growth in the presence of BSS comprised the amino acids and water-soluble vitamins found in medium 199. Addition of either amino acids or water-soluble vitamins alone to BSS resulted in only slight stimulation of viral proliferation. Many constituents of the synthetic media were found not to be essential to the stimulation of viral multiplication. The following substances added to a medium containing amino acids and water-soluble vitamins in BSS failed to increase the quantity of virus produced: diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), coenzyme A, the fat-soluble vitamins, ribose sugars, and three biological reducing agents: cysteine, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. Among other substances that proved to be not essential a group of purines and pyrimidines present in medium 199 were found to be probably toxic to cells in the concentrations used, since virus titers were lower in media containing these compounds than in those from which they were absent. A change in the nutritional status of these cells involving amino acids and water-soluble vitamins has thus permitted to transform a latent, undetectable viral infection to an inactive infection in vitro.

scholarly journals Uptake and assimilation of ammonium ions by cucumber seedlings from solutions with different pH and addition of heavy metals

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Burzyński ◽  
Józef Buczek
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Ammonium Uptake ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Influence Of Ph

Influence of Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> in various pH conditions (5.0, 6.0, 7.0) on the uptake and assimilation of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> by cucumber seedlings was estimated. Every metal in different pH of uptake solution distinctly reduced ammonium absorption calculated from NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> depletion. Copper and ferric ions, but not cadmium or lead, astonishingly decreased the uptake of ammonium from solution at pH 5.0. Cu<sup>2+</sup> was also very active at pH 6.0. The accumulation of ammonium in roots of metals-treated seedlings at the same time was high. The high level of ammonium in root cells despite of its low uptake probably resulted from disturbance in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> assimilation. Both glutamine synthetase (GS) and NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) - the major enzymes in ammonium assimilation, were inhibited after one hour of plant exposition to the metals. Similarly as in the case of ammonium uptake, the influence of pH was visible only in combination with copper and ferric ions. The strongest reduction of enzyme activities was observed for Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup>, in pH 5.0 and 6.0. The various metals absorption by roots from solutions with different pH was not dedected. The data show correlation between metal inhibition of GS and NADH-GDH activities and metal inhibition of ammonium absorption.

scholarly journals Absolute Configuration of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids, Their Wound Healing Properties and In Vitro Anti-Aging Effects

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Orfanoudaki ◽  
Anja Hartmann ◽  
Mostafa Alilou ◽  
Thomas Gelbrich ◽  
Patricia Planchenault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Absolute Configuration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Collagenase Inhibition

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble metabolites, reported to exhibit strong UV-absorbing properties. They have been found in a wide range of marine organisms, especially those that are exposed to extreme levels of sunlight, to protect them against solar radiation. In the present study, the absolute configuration of 14 mycosporine-like-amino acids was determined by combining the results of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and that of advanced Marfey’s method using LC-MS. The crystal structure of a shinorine hydrate was determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data and its absolute configuration was established from anomalous-dispersion effects. Furthermore, the anti-aging and wound-healing properties of these metabolites were evaluated in three different assays namely the inhibition of collagenase, inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and wound healing assay (scratch assay).

MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: A BIOCHEMICAL AND STATISTICAL APPROACH

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Media

The anaerobic carbon dioxide production of minced ascaris muscle decreases markedly when worms are kept in vitro for 3 days. Using this gas production as an index, and a factorial design, the effects of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, potassium, and ammonium ions were investigated. For this study the worms were kept in media which were changed every 3 hours and the gaseous phases were maintained by bubbling gas continuously through the media. Under these conditions 20% oxygen was extremely toxic but carbon dioxide (5%) provided some relief from this effect. Even 5% oxygen caused more decrease in the index than did nitrogen alone, but this was not true when a mixture of amino acids and glucose was present. Ammonium ions had a beneficial effect in nitrogen but a detrimental effect in the presence of 20% oxygen. A high potassium ion concentration (24 mM) was detrimental in the absence of carbon dioxide but appeared to enhance the beneficial effects of carbon dioxide.

Chemotactic responses of Brugia pahangi infective third-stage larvae to tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-related compounds and amino acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mitsui ◽  
M. Miura ◽  
K. Kato ◽  
Y. Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Brugia Pahangi ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Related Compounds

Abstract Since the exogenous compound tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) showed a potent chemoattractant activity for Brugia pahangi infective third-stage larvae (L3), it was assumed that, in natural infection to a host, filarial L3 can be expected to recognize an endogenous Tris-related compound. In addition, a few amino acids have been identified as water-soluble attractants for second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita, a plant parasitic nematode. Therefore, the present study assesses the in vitro chemotactic responses of B. pahangi L3 to Tris-related compounds and amino acids using an agar-plate assay. Among Tris-related compounds, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol (APD) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) exhibited a potent chemoattractant activity for filarial L3 at a level similar to Tris. Furthermore, arginine (Arg) was identified as a potent attractant for filarial L3 among amino acids. In addition, filarial L3 were attracted to Arg, APD and AMPD in mild alkaline conditions rather than acidic conditions. The chemoattractant activity of the three compounds for filarial L3 was observed in concentrations between 6.3 and 200 mm. This is the first report to demonstrate that Arg, APD and AMPD are potent chemoattractants for B. pahangi L3. Endogenous Arg and APD, in particular, may be involved in the regulation of the chemotactic behaviour of filarial L3 in the infection to a host. The present results will help to elucidate the mechanism of filarial skin-penetrating invasion of a host.

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