scholarly journals Out from under the wing: reconceptualizing the insect wing gene regulatory network as a versatile, general module for body-wall lobes in arthropods

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1965) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cera R. Fisher ◽  
Justin D. Kratovil ◽  
David R. Angelini ◽  
Elizabeth L. Jockusch
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function

Body plan evolution often occurs through the differentiation of serially homologous body parts, particularly in the evolution of arthropod body plans. Recently, homeotic transformations resulting from experimental manipulation of gene expression, along with comparative data on the expression and function of genes in the wing regulatory network, have provided a new perspective on an old question in insect evolution: how did the insect wing evolve? We investigated the metamorphic roles of a suite of 10 wing- and body-wall-related genes in a hemimetabolous insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus . Our results indicate that genes involved in wing development in O. fasciatus play similar roles in the development of adult body-wall flattened cuticular evaginations. We found extensive functional similarity between the development of wings and other bilayered evaginations of the body wall. Overall, our results support the existence of a versatile development module for building bilayered cuticular epithelial structures that pre-dates the evolutionary origin of wings. We explore the consequences of reconceptualizing the canonical wing-patterning network as a bilayered body-wall patterning network, including consequences for long-standing debates about wing homology, the origin of wings and the origin of novel bilayered body-wall structures. We conclude by presenting three testable predictions that result from this reconceptualization.

Bodily Dasein and Chinese Script Components

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan Tze-wan
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Constitutive Principle ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractIn the Shuowen, one of the earliest comprehensive character dictionaries of ancient China, when discussing where the Chinese characters derive their structural components, Xu Shen proposed the dual constitutive principle of “adopting proximally from the human body, and distally from things around.” This dual emphasis of “body” and “things around” corresponds largely to the phenomenological issues of body or corporeality on the one hand, and lifeworld on the other. If we borrow Heidegger’s definition of Dasein as Being-in-the world, we can easily arrive at a reformulation of Xu Shen’s constitutive principle of the Chinese script as one that concerns “bodily Dasein.” By looking into various examples of script tokens we can further elaborate on how the Chinese make use not only of the body in general but various body parts, and how they differentiate their life world into material nature, living things, and a multifaceted world of equipment in forming a core basis of Chinese characters/components, upon which further symbolic manipulation such as “indication”, “phonetic borrowing”, semantic combination, and “annotative derivation”, etc. can be based. Finally, examples will be cited to show how in the Chinese scripts the human body (and its parts) might interact with other’s bodies (and their parts) or with “things around” (whether nature, living creatures, or artifacts) in various ways to cover the social, environmental, ritual, technical, economical, and even intellectual aspects of human experience. Bodily Dasein, so to speak, provides us with a new perspective of understanding and appreciating the entire scope of the Chinese script.

scholarly journals Two sets of wing homologs in the crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney M. Clark-Hachtel ◽  
Yoshinori Tomoyasu
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Parhyale Hawaiensis ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Dual Origin

The origin of insect wings is a biological mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Through extensive investigations performed across various fields, two possible wing origin tissues have been identified; a lateral outgrowth of the dorsal body wall (tergum) and ancestral proximal leg structures1,2. With each idea offering both strengths and weaknesses, these two schools of thought have been in an intellectual battle for decades without reaching a consensus3. Identification of tissues homologous to insect wings from linages outside of Insecta will provide pivotal information to resolve this conundrum. Here, through expression analyses and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing in the crustacean, Parhyale hawaiensis, we show that a wing-like gene regulatory network (GRN) operates both in the crustacean terga and in the proximal leg segments, suggesting that (i) the evolution of a wing-like GRN precedes the emergence of insect wings, and (ii) that both of these tissues are equally likely to be crustacean wing homologs. Interestingly, the presence of two sets of wing homologs parallels previous findings in some wingless segments of insects, where wing serial homologs are maintained as two separate tissues4–7. This similarity provides crucial support for the idea that the wingless segments of insects indeed reflect an ancestral state for the tissues that gave rise to the insect wing, while the true insect wing represents a derived state that depends upon the contribution of two distinct tissues. These outcomes point toward a dual origin of insect wings, and thus provide a crucial opportunity to unify the two historically competing hypotheses on the origin of this evolutionarily monumental structure.

Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1618-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Wing Folding

The most primitive known pterygote terga, wing articulation, wings, and upper leg segments with exites, occur in gigantic Upper Carboniferous Paleodictyoptera, Homoiopteridae. Fossil features are used as clues for reinterpreting some structures connected with flight in modern Pterygota. Brief comparisons with Paleozoic Diaphanopterodea, Permothemistida, Ephemeroptera, Protodonata, and with living Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Neoptera are given. The wing articulation of all Pterygota is derived from a common ancestral ground plan based upon features present in fossils. The ancestral wings were articulated by a closely packed band of multiple sclerites which were hinged to eight lateral tergal lobes, and aligned with eight pairs of wing veins. The axillaria of Neoptera and axillary plates of Paleoptera are composite sclerites, which originated by fusion of several sclerites of the original band. Articular patterns of Paleoptera and Neoptera evolved differently and show (i) the presence or absence of a gap at the cubital level, (ii) the presence or absence of a turning–pivoting composite third axillary sclerite (3Ax), and (iii) a different composition of all composite sclerites. Gliding and wing folding adaptations within the articular band are discussed. A new fossil-based interpretation of veinal stems, veinal sectors, and of their fluting near the wing base is offered. An underlying symmetry of thoracic tergal sulci, articular sclerites, and wing venation seems to point to a nearly symmetrical, nonflying pro-wing engaged in up-and-down movement. Evidence of articulation in Paleozoic nymphal wings and evolution of metamorphic instars are examined. Pitfalls of paleoentomological work are discussed. Criteria for major divisions of Pterygota are reassessed. It is hypothesized that the wing originated from the first segment (epicoxa) of the euarthropodan upper leg and its exite. An epicoxal podomere became incorporated into the body wall and broke up into an articular ring of dorsal and ventral sclerites, and an epicoxal exite flattened and became a pro-wing. The pro-wing originally operated on a row of pivots from the epicoxa and subcoxa (pleuron) and became mobilized by epicoxal leg musculature.

Ultrastructural morphology of the body wall, stoma, and stomatostyle of the nematode, Tylenchorhynchus dubius (Bütschli, 1873) Filipjev, 1936

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Byers ◽  
R. V. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Ultrastructural Morphology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The fine structure of the body wall, stoma, and stomatostyle of the plant parasitic nematode, Tylenchorhynchus dubius, is described. The body wall consists of a six-layered cuticle, about 1 μ thick, and a thin interchordal hypodermis. Some details of the labial framework and the cuticular lining of the stoma are described. The shaft of the stomatostyle is composed of five distinct layers. The attachment between the shaft and the stomatal cuticle is characterized by several specializations. One of these is an extensive attachment complex formed at the lateral junction between the stomatal and stylet epithelia. The protractor musculature consists of three main units which are each subdivided anteriorly into smaller elements. Also present are four secondary muscle elements which extend posteriorly beyond the base of the stylet and attach to the cuticular lining of the esophagus above the dorsal duct orifice.The ultrastructural morphology described for T. dubius is compared with that known for other plant parasitic nematodes. Some likely relationships between structure and function are also discussed.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic scaling of hydrostatic skeletons: geometric, static stress and dynamic stress scaling of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (12) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
KJ Quillin
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Dynamic Stress ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dynamic Stresses ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

Soft-bodied organisms with hydrostatic skeletons range enormously in body size, both during the growth of individuals and in the comparison of species. Therefore, body size is an important consideration in an examination of the mechanical function of hydrostatic skeletons. The scaling of hydrostatic skeletons cannot be inferred from existing studies of the lever-like skeletons of vertebrates and arthropods because the two skeleton types function by different mechanisms. Hydrostats are constructed of an extensible body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or deformable tissue under compression. It is the pressurized internal fluid (rather than the rigid levers of vertebrates and arthropods) that enables the maintenance of posture, antagonism of muscles and transfer of muscle forces to the environment. The objectives of the present study were (1) to define the geometric, static stress and dynamic stress similarity scaling hypotheses for hydrostatic skeletons on the basis of their generalized form and function, and (2) to apply these similarity hypotheses in a study of the ontogenetic scaling of earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, to determine which parameters of skeletal function are conserved or changed as a function of body mass during growth (from 0.01 to 8 g). Morphometric measurements on anesthetized earthworms revealed that the earthworms grew isometrically; the external proportions and number of segments were constant as a function of body size. Calculations of static stresses (forces per cross-sectional area in the body wall) during rest and dynamic stresses during peristaltic crawling (calculated from measurements of internal pressure and body wall geometry) revealed that the earthworms also maintained static and dynamic stress similarity, despite a slight increase in body wall thickness in segment 50 (but not in segment 15). In summary, the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms differ fundamentally from the rigid, lever-like skeletons of their terrestrial counterparts in their ability to grow isometrically while maintaining similarity in both static and dynamic stresses.

scholarly journals A Semantic Analysis of Normal Derivatives of Body Part Terms in Jordanian Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p28
Author(s):  
Mahmud Hussein Wardat
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Semantic Association ◽  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
And Function ◽  
Derivatives Of

This study deals with nouns derived from body part terminology in Jordanian Arabic. It aims at identifying those nouns and examining their semantic association with body part terms. It indicates that a large number of the nouns are semantically related to their corresponding body parts; thus, their meaning could be predicted from the meaning of body part terms. Further, the physical characteristics of position, shape and function of body parts are the basis of the semantic association. However, very few of the derived nouns are not semantically related to body part terms. In addition, all the derived nouns designate objects in a variety of lexical semantic domains external to the body part domain. Finally, it is concluded that Jordanian Arabic has the capability of expanding its lexicon on the basis of body part terminology.

Feeding in tornaria larvae and the development of gill slits in enteropneust hemichordates

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3010-3020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. J. Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Preoral Lobe ◽  
And Function

The food-collecting and waste-rejecting systems of the tornaria larval stages of enteropneust hemichordates are similar to those of larval and adult lophophorates and adult pterobranch hemichordates. Water entering the oral grooves is deflected towards the mouth and the impetus of heavy, potentially inedible particles may take them across the flow lines of the water currents inferred from the movements of suspended particles to impinge on cilia which reject them into the outgoing water currents. Lighter, potentially edible material remaining suspended in the deflected water currents is intercepted by cilia on an oral hood which is similar in structure and function to the preoral lobe of the actinotroch larvae of phoronids. Excess water carried into the mouth by cilia on the dorsal surface of the esophagus is rejected via lateral grooves which develop into pouches prior to metamorphosis. Following metamorphosis the pouches make contact with the body wall to form gill slits which continue to allow water to escape from the pharynx. This finding that the function of allowing excess water to escape is performed by lateral grooves in the esophagus of tornariae supports previous speculations on the evolution of gill slits and provides further evidence for relationships between lophophorates, hemichordates, and chordates.

scholarly journals Experimental manipulation of body size alters senescence in hydra

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kha Sach Ngo ◽  
Berta Almási ◽  
Zoltán Barta ◽  
Jácint Tökölyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Large Size ◽  
New Perspective

ABSTRACTBody size has a fundamental impact on the ecology and physiology of animals. Large size, for instance, is often associated with increased fecundity and reproductive success. A persistent correlation between body size and individual longevity is also observed across the animal world, although this relationship proved difficult to understand due to the inseparability of body size from growth rate and the widespread collinear relationship between body size with other life history traits. Here, we used Hydra oligactis, a freshwater cnidarian with high tissue plasticity and inducible ageing as an experimental system to understand the causal roles of body size on reproduction and senescence. We first show that large size predicts accelerated sexual development, increased fecundity and reduced survival in a population sample of this species kept under common garden conditions in the laboratory. Next, using phenotypic engineering, we experimentally increased or decreased body size by reciprocally grafting pieces of the body column differing in size between hydra polyps. Experimentally reduced body size was associated with delayed sexual development and reduced fecundity. In parallel, post–reproductive survival was significantly higher in polyps with reduced size. These results suggest that small hydra can physiologically detect their reduced body size and adjust reproductive decisions to achieve a higher post–reproductive survival. Our observations offer a new perspective on why smaller individuals within a species live longer by suggesting a growth–independent link between body size, reproduction and senescence.

The structure and function of abdominal stretch receptors in insects

1958 ◽  
Vol 148 (933) ◽  
pp. 433-449 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Vertebrate Muscle ◽  
Stretch Receptors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Proprioceptive Function ◽  
Dragonfly Larva

The morphology of dorsal abdominal stretch receptors in representatives of the Orthoptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera is described on the basis of dissections, serial sections and whole mounts. The receptors consist of sensory neurons in association with connective tissue strands or muscles. The organs are found to be slung between the intersegmental folds (Lepidoptera), between one intersegmental fold and the dorsal body wall (Orthoptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera), or between the dorsal body wall and a nerve branch in the abdomen (Odonata). The mode of anchorage of the organs and other morphological features suggests a proprioceptive function. This can be demonstrated by oscillographic recording from the axons of the sensory neurons. An apparatus is described in which isolated preparations containing the receptors could be subjected to mechanical stimulation by stretch of controlled intensity. Over a certain range the frequency of impulse discharge from the sensory neuron is linearly proportional to the tension applied to the receptor. Adaptation is slow, and the organs in all insects investigated behave similarly and in a way typical for static receptors. Three pairs of receptors per segment are present in the Odonata (dragonfly larva), and an attempt is made to correlate their responses with the chief abdominal movements of the insect. In comparing the anatomical features of the various receptor organs, it is pointed out how they can be arranged in a series leading from neurons closely associated with the body wall, to those specialized to register stresses in connective tissue strands which are slung between suitably placed points in the segment, and finally to sensory neurons in closer association with the abdominal musculature. The series culminates in the lepidopteran receptor which shows striking points of resemblance to the vertebrate muscle spindle.

Formulation, Design and Development of Niosome Based Topical Gel for Skin Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
Topical Gel

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer in which mostly damaged unpaired DNA starts mutating abnormally and staged an unprecedented proliferation of epithelial skin to form a malignant tumor. In epidemics of skin, pigment-forming melanocytes of basal cells start depleting and form uneven black or brown moles. Melanoma can further spread all over the body parts and could become hard to detect. In USA Melanoma kills an estimated 10,130 people annually. This challenge can be succumbed by using the certain anti-cancer drug. In this study design, cyclophosphamide were used as a model drug. But it has own limitation like mild to moderate use may cause severe cytopenia, hemorrhagic cystitis, neutropenia, alopecia and GI disturbance. This is a promising challenge, which is caused due to the increasing in plasma drug concentration above therapeutic level and due to no rate limiting steps involved in formulation design. In this study, we tried to modify drug release up to threefold and extended the release of drug by preparing and designing niosome based topical gel. In the presence of Dichloromethane, Span60 and cholesterol, the initial niosomes were prepared using vacuum evaporator. The optimum percentage drug entrapment efficacy, zeta potential, particle size was found to be 72.16%, 6.19mV, 1.67µm.Prepared niosomes were further characterized using TEM analyzer. The optimum batch of niosomes was selected and incorporated into topical gel preparation. Cold inversion method and Poloxamer -188 and HPMC as core polymers, were used to prepare cyclophosphamide niosome based topical gel. The formula was designed using Design expert 7.0.0 software and Box-Behnken Design model was selected. Almost all the evaluation parameters were studied and reported. The MTT shows good % cell growth inhibition by prepared niosome based gel against of A375 cell line. The drug release was extended up to 20th hours. Further as per ICH Q1A (R2), guideline 6 month stability studies were performed. The results were satisfactory and indicating a good formulation approach design was achieved for Melanoma treatment.

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