scholarly journals II. Note on the electromotive properties of muscle

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Circular Area ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Nearest Point ◽  
Equal Distance ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Current

In the great work entitled ‘Untersuchungen über thierische Electricitat,’ of which the first volume was published by Professor du Bois-Reymond in 1848, the author promulgated, as the result of the remarkable investigations undertaken by him during the previous six years, certain propositions relating to the electromotive properties of muscle. These propositions (which in the original work were printed in large type) were termed by the author collectively the “Law of the musclecurrent.” They have been accepted by all later observers as fundamental truths. They are as follows :— “ The Law of the Muscle-current . I. Active arrangements . A. Strong Currents . If any point of the natural or artificial longitudinal section of a muscle is brought into connexion with any point of the natural or artificial transverse section of the same muscle, so that no tension is thereby produced, a current is indicated by any galvanoscopic apparatus introduced into the inactive conducting circuit, of which the direction in the circuit is from the longitudinal to the transverse section.—B. Weak Currents . a. Currents of the transverse section . Further, if any point of a natural or artificial transverse section of a muscle is connected in the manner already described with another point of the same transverse section, or with a point of another natural or artificial transverse section of the same muscle, which we will regard as a cylinder, and if the points are at unequal distances from the centre of the circular area of the transverse section, the galvanoscopic apparatus again indicates a current, though much weaker than the previous one, of which the direction is from the point more distant from the centre to the nearest point.—b. Currents of the longitudinal section . Thirdly, if a point of the natural or artificial longitudinal section, lying nearer to the geometrically central transverse section of the cylinder formed by the muscle, is brought in the same way into relation with a point of the natural or artificial longitudinal section of the same muscle more distant from the central transverse section, the galvanoscopic apparatus again indicates a current, which is, however, much weaker than that between any point of the natural or artificial longitudinal and any point on the transverse section, but is equal in strength to that between different points on one or two natural or artificial transverse sections. Its direction in the circuit is from the point lying nearer to the middle transverse section to that further removed from it.—II. Inactive arrangements . The galvanoscopic apparatus, on the contrary, remains at rest when two points in one or two natural or artificial transverse sections connected through the inactive conducting circuit are at an equal distance from the centre; or when one or two points in the natural or artificial longitudinal section so connected are at an equal distance from the central transverse section.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.5 Latin America: Coordinated by Lauro Gama and José Antonio Moreno Rodríguez, 53 Organization of American States: The OAS Guide and the Hague Principles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodríguez José Antonio Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Organization Of American States ◽  
Member States ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
American States ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A Current

This chapter reflects on the relationship between the Guide of the Organization of American States on the Applicable Law to International Commercial Contracts (OAS Guide) and the Hague Principles. The OAS Guide has several objectives. It proposes a current statement of the law applicable to international commercial contracts for the Americas as based on the fundamental principles of the Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts, commonly known as the ‘Mexico Convention’, and with the incorporation of subsequent developments in the field to date, particularly as codified in the Hague Principles. The Guide also seeks to support efforts by OAS Member States to modernize their domestic laws on international commercial contracts in accordance with international standards. It further provides assistance to contracting parties in the Americas and their counsel in drafting and interpreting international commercial contracts; and serves as guidance to judges and arbitrators, who may find the Guide useful both to interpret and supplement domestic laws, particularly on matters in international commercial contracts that are not addressed in such laws.

Combating corruption in Nigeria and the constitutional issues arising

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akume T. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Plea Bargain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper therefore is to identify and examine major issue-areas in law, prominent among which are the Plea-Bargain and S308 Immunity Clause, and how they impact the process of effectively combating corruption in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses documentary sources and analytical method to examine the issues involved. Findings The identified issue-areas are inhibitors rather than facilitators. Research limitations/implications The implication is that the government needs to change the existing laws to strengthen the fight against corruption. Practical implications This is to ensure that the war against corruption is strengthened and effective. Social implications To ensure that offenders face the full weight of the law for their action. Originality/value This paper is the author's original work and all references are appropriately acknowledged.

La Bibliothèque Léon Graulich (Faculté de Droit de Liège)

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Paulette Guillitte
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Law School ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Indexing System ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Subjects ◽  
The University ◽  
A Current

SummaryThe Library Léon Graulich of the University of Liège Law School was founded in 1929 and has approximately 250,000 volumes in its collections.Its acquisitions policy emphasizes books on legal subjects with main attention devoted to the law of Belgium. Foreign law materials, especially French law and the law of the European Communities are also being collected on a current basis, as well as the law of the United States and a few other countries on a small scale.Since 1971 the Library has been using modern computer techniques for the production of a bibliographic record of books and articles on legal subjects published in Belgium.In addition, the documents of the Belgium Parliament are also accessible through computer terminals which have been installed in the Library. Since 1977 the collective labor agreements are also part of this automated indexing system.

scholarly journals X. On the organization of the fossil plants of the coal-measures. —Part IX

1878 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 319-364 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Circular Orifice ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
Medullary Cells

In Part I. of this series of memoirs (Phil. Trans. 1871, Plate 25, fig. 16, and Plate 27, fig. 39, p. 487) I described what appeared to be a transverse section of a Calamite, in which the woody wedges showed no traces of the longitudinal canal that occupies the innermost angle of each of these primary wedges in true Calamites. Not having at that time the materials which I have since accumulated, I was unable to say much about this exceptional specimen. I now know that it is not a Calamite, but a plant having a wholly different structure, and to which I propose assigning the provisional name of Astromyelon, from the peculiar stellate form which transverse sections of its pith exhibit. The plant had branching, unarticulated stems, a feature which at once distinguishes it from the Calamites, though transverse sections of the two plants exhibit such remarkable resemblances. It is one of the more common of the forms met with in the Oldham nodules. I have rarely seen specimens of it more than 0·25 in diameter. One example alone, represented in fig. 5, has had a diameter of nearly 0·75. Fig. 1 represents the more usual aspect of transverse sections of this plant enlarged 20 diameters. It consists of a central parenchymatous medulla, a , surrounded by an exogenous cylinder of vessels arranged in a very regular series of primary wedges, b , corresponding closely in all respects with those of Calamites, except in the absence of the long canals already referred to. The central cells of the medulla are much larger than those of the circumference, some of the former having a diameter of ·011, whilst the peripheral ones are not more than ·0041. In the longitudinal section, fig. 2, a , and fig. 3, a ', these medullary cells are seen to be somewhat elongated vertically, being often ·022 in length. The cells have usually rectangular partitions, and are arranged in vertical rows, as in many living ferns; one or two of the rows in immediate contact with the vascular zone (fig. 3, a ') have a similar arrangement, though they are much narrower in their transverse diameter. In the great majority of cases the pith is solid. In but a few instances have I found it otherwise. Two of the latter are represented in figs. 4 and 5. Fig. 5 further presents an example in which the medulla has had an unusually great diameter in proportion to that of the vascular zone. This exogenous zone is made up of a variable number of primary vascular wedges (figs. 1, b , 5, b ), each one of which is composed of numerous radiating vascular laminæ separated by medullary rays. The remarkable uniformity in their size and the regularity in the arrangement of these wedges gives to the transverse sections of the medulla the star-shaped outline already referred to. At their inner or medullary apex each of these wedges commences at a few vessels of somewhat larger size than those composing the rest of the vascular zone. These are observable in fig. 1, but they are much more conspicuous in some examples than in others. Fig. 7 represents a section, for which I am indebted to Mr. Butterworth, in which these vessels are extremely conspicuous. The medulla of this specimen is much disorganized by mineralization, but it has not been fistular. Its diameter is much less than is usually the case, contrasting strongly in this respect with fig. 5. In Mr. Binney’s monograph on the Calamites he figured, at page 20, what he believed to be part of a primary wedge of a Calamite, adding the remark, that in these Calamites “the wedge-shaped bundles of pseudo-vascular tissue originate from a small circular orifice or opening, sometimes simple, as in the specimen now under consideration, but in other instances apparently divided into several parts, as shown in the annexed woodcut (fig. 3).” I have no doubt that the latter examples were specimens of Astromyelon, which, like myself, Mr. Binney then mistook for Calamites.

scholarly journals BUILDING THE SOCIETY LEGAL CULTURE THROUGH LEGAL COUNSELING MODEL AS A SOCIAL MARKETING

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
The Law ◽  
Counseling Model ◽  
A Current ◽  
Marketing Approach ◽  
Legal Product

Fostering the legal awareness is a current social change demand as part of government attention and promotion in various development efforts. Therefore, the establishment of a new legal product will become a reality if supported by the society members legal awareness. Legal awareness is the basis of the implementation of the law and it related to legal culture closely. Building the society legal culture should be oriented for the efforts to instill, promote and institutionalize the values underlying the law that require legal communication. The current legal counseling are required not just to do with the formal legal approach, but it can be done through a social marketing approach that more responsive in dynamics of change and the need for legal information in each segment of society.

scholarly journals None zero circulation of electrostatic field around a partly electrostatic shielded loop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electrostatic Field ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Loop Current ◽  
Line Integral ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Current

Abstract In this article, a loop that is partly electrostatic shielded is analyzed. It is found that the line integral of electrostatic field around this loop is not zero. This is against the theorem that the line integral of electrostatic field around any closed loop is zero and the curl of electrostatic field is zero. When the loop is made of conductor wire, there is no electric current flowing around the loop although the line integral of electric field is not zero. A loop current driven by electrostatic field will break the law of energy conservation, so it is expected and reasonable that we cannot observe a current in the loop.

Congestion of the Brain in an Age of Unpoetrylessness: Matthew Arnold's Digestive Tracts for the Times

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103
Author(s):  
Ortwin de Graef
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Relation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Brain ◽  
A Current

“Kan kunst de wereld redden?” When Antwerp was cultural capital of Europe in 1993, this question — “Can art save the world?” — was adopted as one of the city's official slogans, prompting the mayor at the time, Bob Cools, to offer his contribution to an answer by way of a quotation: “Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world.” As his source Cools mentioned Literature and Dogma, but in order to register accurately the phrase's critical relation to the salvation of and by culture, we must at least retrace it to its origin in Arnold's work, “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time.” In that essay, Arnold famously argues for the logical priority of criticism over poetry, claiming that poetry can only thrive when it has at its disposal the “materials” of literary creation, the high-quality “ideas” which it is the province of criticism to furnish (270).” The business of criticism is “simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas” (270). Measured by this standard, Arnold finds his own English modernity sadly deficient, representative of “the modern situation in its true blankness and barrenness, and unpoetrylessness” (Letters 126), and bereft of “just that very thing which now Europe most desires, — criticism” (“Function” 258). For in England, more than anywhere else, the critical spirit suffers from the short-sighted pragmatism and innate mindlessness that render the British immune to ideas, a fundamental philistinism that deprives the creative faculty of its materials and stifles the genuine development of criticism according to “the idea which is the law of its being: the idea of a disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world, and thus to establish a current of fresh and true ideas” (“Function” 282).

Microstructure Observation of the Tensile Fractured 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 228-232
Author(s):  
Shu Jun Zang ◽  
Juan Juan Li ◽  
Xiao Qiang Yin ◽  
Jian Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Tensile Direction ◽  
Martensite Content ◽  
Optical Micrograph ◽  
Microstructure Observation

The article studies on sections microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel after tension, the tensile temperatures are the 1073K, 1173K, 1223K, 1273K, 1323K and 1423K. The transverse sections (vertical tensile direction) of fractured specimens microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel were observed and compared with those of longitudinal sections (parallel tensile direction). Moreover, we compare microstructure of transverse section specimens with the salt water-cooled condition and air-cooled condition. The optical micrograph of fractured tensile specimens of 430stainless steel after cooling to room temperature indicated that the volume fraction of the martensite is gradually increased and then declined from 1073K to 1423K. At 1223K, the martensite content is highest. At 1423K, martensite is sharply reduced and disappeared, the microstructure of 430ferritic stainless steel is almost all of ferrite and grain boundary obviously observed. Due to tensile deformation, the morphology of martensite is massive in the transverse section specimens. Whereas, the strip-type morphology of martensite was observed in the longitudinal section specimens. The cooling rate impact on the microstructure was also discussed.

Enigmatic fossil encrusting an Upper Ordovician rocky shore on Hudson Bay, Canada

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markes E. Johnson ◽  
Mu Xi-Nan ◽  
Rong Jia-Yu
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Maximum Thickness

Storeacolumnella hudsonensis is described as a new genus and species of encrusting, colonial organism that lived in an intertidal, rocky-shore environment. The fossil was discovered in the basal beds of the Upper Ordovician Port Nelson Formation at a coastal outcrop on Hudson Bay near Churchill, Manitoba. Showing some possible characteristics of sponges and other possible characteristics of calcaerous green algae, this matlike organism is considered nonetheless to have uncertain taxonomic affinities. It consists of cylinder-shaped columns, each with an internal system of star-shaped filaments or spicules as viewed in transverse section. The cylinders stand vertical in longitudinal section and are densely packed together to form a mat. The hard substrate to which the mat is attached consists of a boulder eroded from the Precambrian Churchill Quartzite. Maximum colony size observed in a single example exhibits a diameter of not less than 80 mm and maximum thickness of 5.85 mm.

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