scholarly journals II. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil reptilia.—Part IX., section 5. On the skeleton new cynodontia from the karroo rocks

1895 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 59-148 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coronoid Process ◽  
Malar Bone ◽  
Minor Characters ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Small Bones ◽  
First Time

This name was originally used, by Sir It. Owen, for the division of the Anomodontia, of which Galesaurus is the type. Subsequently, Theriodontia was defined, so as to be co-extensive with the older Cynodontia, both groups being based upon a type of dentition, which approximates to that of Carnivorous Mammalia. The name Theriodontia, hence, has some appearance of being a synonym of Cynodontia. The group Theriodontia, is obviously a larger group than the original Cynodontia, since its type, Lycosaurus , has simple pointed molar teeth, and it also includes Nythosaurus and Scaloposaurus , in which the molar teeth are laterally cuspidate. The Theriodontia include the Cynodontia, because the Cynodont genera were grouped in this way by Sir It. Owen, and, because there is no evidence of ordinal differences in the skull. The Cynodontia is conveniently distinguished from the Lycosauria by dental, and other minor characters of the skull; and I propose to use the name Cynodontia for animals which resemble Galesaurus in skull structure, and resemble Nythosaurus in the type of molar teeth. The crowns of the cheek teeth not being preserved in Galesaurus , I take Cynogathus , the genus now to be described, as the type of the group, which will be thus defined and limited. This genus makes known, for the first time, the more important parts of the Theriodont skeleton in association with the skull. The small bones of the limbs were not found in Cynognathus . Some account of bones of the extremities in other types of Theriodonts is given in other sections (2, 4, 6) of this paper, but in no case is there similar actual association of those bones and the skull. This sub-order of Therosuchian Anomodontia is defined as having incisor, canine, and laterally cuspidate molar teeth, of carnivorous type. The mandible fits within the upper jaw so as to give the teeth a dividing action, as in shears. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is formed by the dentary bone, and is strongly developed. There is no descending pedicle to the squamosal bone which, with the malar bone, forms a zygoma, placed as in Lemurs and Carnivora; and as in the extinct Mammal Elotherium .

1. On the development and homologies of the molar teeth of the Wart-Hogs (Phacochærus), with illustrations of a system of notation for the teeth in the class mammalia

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 916-919
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Original Specimen ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
The Common ◽  
Upper Jaw

The author commences by a brief statement of the facts and conclusions recorded in a paper by Sir Ev. Home on the dentition of the Sus Æthiopicus , in the Philosophical Transactions for 1799, p. 256; and gives the results of an examination of the original specimens described and figured by Home, and of other specimens showing earlier stages of dentition, which lead to the following conclusions as to the number, kinds, and mode of succession of the teeth in the genus Phacochœrus . The tooth answering to the first milk-molar and first premolar in the upper jaw, and those answering to the first and second milk-molars and corresponding premolars in the lower jaw of the common Hog are not developed. Eight successive phases of development of the grinding teeth of the African Wart-hogs are described and expressed by the following notation:— Phase. No. of grinding teeth. Kinds of teeth. I. 5-5/4-4 viz. { d 2, d 3, d 4, m 1, m 2. d 3, d 4, m 1, m 2. II. 6-6/5-5 viz. { p 2, p 3, p 4, m 1, m 2, m 3. p 3, p 4, m 1, m 2, m 3. III. 5-5/4-4 viz. { p 3, p 4, m 1, m 2, m 3. p 4, m 1, m 2, m 3. IV. 4-4/4-4 viz. p 4, m 1, m 2, m 3. V. 4-4/3-3 viz. { p 3, p 4, m 2, m 3. p 4, m 2, m 3. VI. 3-3/3-3 viz. p 4, m 2, m 3. VII. 2-2/2-2 viz. p 4, m 3. VIII. 1-1/1-1 viz. m 3. These observations prove that, contrary to the opinion of Home and Cuvier, the Wart-hogs have deciduous teeth, succeeded vertically by premolar teeth; in the Phacochœrus Æliani , at least, three deciduous teeth are, in some individuals, succeeded by as many premolar teeth; and, as a general rule, two deciduous teeth are displaced vertically by two premolars. The first true molar is remarkable for its unusually early development, which is followed by an unusually early abrasion and expulsion, when its place is obliterated by the second true molar being pushed forwards into contact with the last premolar. This tooth is as remarkable for its longevity, and remains after the wearing away and shedding of the second true molar, when the last true molar advances into contact with the last premolar, and the place of both the previously intervening true molars is obliterated. This unusual order of shedding of the molar teeth has given rise to the idea of the last large and complex true molar of the Phacochœrus being the homologue of both the last and penultimate grinders of the common Hog, which the author’s observations refute; and he, also, is able to point out, by re-examination of the original specimen figured by Home in the Phil.Trans., the source of the erroneous idea that the common Hog had an additional true molar behind the large one symbolised by m 3, in the author’s system of dental notation.

VI. On the molar teeth, lower jaw, of macrauchenia patachonica, ow

1870 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
Fossil Remains ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Natural Size ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Upper Jaw

The dentition of a Mammal so rare and interesting as the Macrauchenia deserves better illustrations than the single reduced view of the lower molars given in 1845, and the still more reduced figures of both upper and lower teeth lithographed by Bravard. The intention to communicate to the Koyal Society a description with figures of the natural size of the specimen of mandible and teeth, still unique, in the British Museum, has been deferred in the hope of acquiring from South America other fossil remains, especially the upper jaw and teeth of Macrauchenia patachonica , but such fossils have not yet come under my observation. The recently obtained knowledge, however, of the former existence of another large quadruped in America, with cameline characteristics of the cervical vertebrae like those in Macruhenia , coupled with true cameline affinities, as exemplified by the dentition of the lower jaw in Palauchenia , induces me no longer to delay the adequate record of the characters which so strikingly distinguish the perissodactyle from the artiodactyle forms of hoofed quadrupeds with the intraneural course of the vertebral arteries in the region of the neck.

scholarly journals I. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil reptilia.—Part IX., section 4. On the gomphodontia

1895 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 1-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Bone ◽  
Zygomatic Arch ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Definition Of

The Gomphodontia comprises animals with a Theriodont type of dentition, in which the molar teeth are expanded transversely, and have more or less tuberculate crowns, of the type shown in Diademodon . The superior and inferior teeth are opposed to each other, and the crowns become worn with use, as in Ungulate and other Mammals, and as in Iguanodont Reptiles. The canine teeth of the upper jaw appear to be worn at their extremities. The skull is known from the genera Gomphognathus, Triachodon , and Microgomphodon . It appears to show mammalian proportions and aspect, in the definition of the large temporal vacuities by a zygomatic arch, which is formed by the malar and squamosal bones, and in the separation of those vacuities from each other by a long narrow parietal crest. The orbit of the eye, however, is separated from the zygomatic vacuity by a post-frontal bone, so that the structure is distinct from that which obtains in Ungulates, Lemurs, and all Mammals in which the orbit is similarly complete.

scholarly journals Classification of dental x-ray images

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Usman Qureshi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Curve Detection ◽  
Upper Jaw ◽  
Mass Disasters

Forensic dentistry is concerned with identifying people based on their dental records. Forensic specialists have a large number of cases to investigate and hence, it has become important to automate forensic identification systems. The radiographs acquired after a person is deceased are called the Post-mortem (PM) radiographs, and the radiographs acquired while the person is alive are called the Ante-mortem (AM) radiographs. Dental biometrics automatically analyzes dental radiographs to identify the deceased individuals. While, ante mortem (AM) identification is usually possible through comparison of many biometric identifiers, postmortem (PM) identification is impossible using behavioral biometrics (e.g. speech, gait). Moreover, under severe circumstances, such as those encountered in mass disasters (e.g. airplane crashes and natural disasters such as Tsunami) most physiological biometrics may not be employed for identification, because of the decay of soft tissues of the body to unidentifiable states. Under such circumstances, the best candidates for postmortem biometric identification are the dental features because of their survivability and diversity.;In my work, I present two different techniques to classify periapical images as maxilla (upper jaw) or mandible (lower jaw) images and we show a third technique to classify dental bitewing images as horizontally flipped/rotated or horizontally un-flipped/un-rotated. In our first technique I present an algorithm to classify whether a given dental periapical image is of a maxilla (upper jaw) or a mandible (lower jaw) using texture analysis of the jaw bone. While the bone analysis method is manual, in our second technique, I propose an automated approach for the identification of dental periapical images using the crown curve detection Algorithm. The third proposed algorithm works in an automated manner for a large number of database comprised of dental bitewing images. Each dental bitewing image in the data base can be classified as a horizontally flipped or un-flipped image in a time efficient manner.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
А. Н. Сухов
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This given article reveals the topicality not only of destructive, but also of constructive, as well as hybrid conflicts. Practically it has been done for the first time. It also describes the history of the formation of both foreign and domestic social conflictology. At the same time, the chronology of the development of the latter is restored and presented objectively, in full, taking into account the contribution of those researchers who actually stood at its origins. The article deals with the essence of the socio-psychological approach to understanding conflicts. The subject of social conflictology includes the regularities of their occurrence and manifestation at various levels, spheres and conditions, including normal, complicated and extreme ones. Social conflictology includes the theory and practice of diagnosing, resolving, and resolving social conflicts. It analyzes the difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, dynamics, and classification of social conflicts. Therefore, it is no accident that the most important task is to create a full-fledged theory of social conflicts. Without this, it is impossible to talk about effective settlement and resolution of social conflicts. Social conflictology is an integral part of conflictology. There is still a lot of work to be done, both in theory and in application, for its complete design. At present, there is an urgent need to develop conflict-related competence not only of professionals, but also for various groups of the population.

A STUDY ON CLINICAL AND X - RAY FEATURES OF PARTIALLY  EDENTULOUS PATIENTS WITH DENTAL IMPLANT

2011 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Quang Hai Nguyen ◽  
Toai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Molar Teeth ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
Missing Tooth

1. Background: Loss of permanent teeth is very common, affected chewing function, speech and aesthetics; restoration of missing teeth with dental implant has several advantages, but we need thoroughly study the clinical and X ray features at the position at missing teeth, then to select the type of implant and make the best plan for the dental implant patients. 2. Materials and method: Cross-section descriptive study. From January 2009 to November 2010, study with 56 patients with 102 implants of MIS and Megagen systems at the Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue College of Medicine and Pharmacy and Vietnam-Cuba Hospital in Ha Noi. 3. Results: Distributed equally in male and female, common ages 40 – 59 (55,4%), the majority of missing teeth occurs in the lower jaw (63,8%) and especially, the teeth 36 and 46 (25,4%). The majority of missing teeth due to dental caries, dental pulp and apical diseases (64,7%) of the molar teeth (51,9%); the most position of missing tooth have enough bone for dental implants (87,3%), time of tooth loss and bone status in the position of tooth loss are related to each other (p < 0,01). Diameter and length of implant usually used 4.0 – 6.0 mm (63,7%) and 8.5 – 13.0 mm (83,3%). 4. Conclusion: Clinical and X ray features of edentulous patients has an important role in determining the type of implants and treatment planning of dental implants. Key words: Loss of permanent teeth, X ray and clinical features, Dental implant.

scholarly journals Morphological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Hemocytes in an Insect Model, the Hematophagous Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Natalia R. Moyetta ◽  
Fabián O. Ramos ◽  
Jimena Leyria ◽  
Lilián E. Canavoso ◽  
Leonardo L. Fruttero
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ultrastructural Characterization ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Contrast Microscopy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Controversial Aspect

Hemocytes, the cells present in the hemolymph of insects and other invertebrates, perform several physiological functions, including innate immunity. The current classification of hemocyte types is based mostly on morphological features; however, divergences have emerged among specialists in triatomines, the insect vectors of Chagas’ disease (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Here, we have combined technical approaches in order to characterize the hemocytes from fifth instar nymphs of the triatomine Dipetalogaster maxima. Moreover, in this work we describe, for the first time, the ultrastructural features of D. maxima hemocytes. Using phase contrast microscopy of fresh preparations, five hemocyte populations were identified and further characterized by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The plasmatocytes and the granulocytes were the most abundant cell types, although prohemocytes, adipohemocytes and oenocytes were also found. This work sheds light on a controversial aspect of triatomine cell biology and physiology setting the basis for future in-depth studies directed to address hemocyte classification using non-microscopy-based markers.

A comparison of methodological approaches to the subfamilial classification of the Naididae (Oligochaeta)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. L. Nemec ◽  
R. O. Brinkhurst
Keyword(s):  
Data Matrix ◽  
Jaccard Coefficient ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parsimony Method ◽  
Fit Statistics ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Linkage Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

A data matrix of 23 generic or subgeneric taxa versus 24 characters and a shorter matrix of 15 characters were analyzed by means of ordination, cluster analyses, parsimony, and compatibility methods (the last two of which are phylogenetic tree reconstruction methods) and the results were compared inter alia and with traditional methods. Various measures of fit for evaluating the parsimony methods were employed. There were few compatible characters in the data set, and much homoplasy, but most analyses separated a group based on Stylaria from the rest of the family, which could then be separated into four groups, recognized here for the first time as tribes (Naidini, Derini, Pristinini, and Chaetogastrini). There was less consistency of results within these groups. Modern methods produced results that do not conflict with traditional groupings. The Jaccard coefficient minimizes the significance of symplesiomorphy and complete linkage avoids chaining effects and corresponds to actual similarities, unlike single or average linkage methods, respectively. Ordination complements cluster analysis. The Wagner parsimony method was superior to the less flexible Camin–Sokal approach and produced better measure of fit statistics. All of the aforementioned methods contain areas susceptible to subjective decisions but, nevertheless, they lead to a complete disclosure of both the methods used and the assumptions made, and facilitate objective hypothesis testing rather than the presentation of conflicting phylogenies based on the different, undisclosed premises of manual approaches.

scholarly journals Bearing Severity Fault Evaluation Using Contour Maps—Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6452
Author(s):  
César Ricardo Soto-Ocampo ◽  
Juan David Cano-Moreno ◽  
José Manuel Mera ◽  
Joaquín Maroto
Keyword(s):  
Health Indicators ◽  
Bearing Faults ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Bearing Damage ◽  
First Time ◽  
Current Operating

Increasing industrial competitiveness has led to an increased global interest in condition monitoring. In this sector, rotating machinery plays an important role, where the bearing is one of the most critical components. Many vibration-based signal treatments are already being used to identify features associated with bearing faults. The information embedded in such features are employed in the construction of health indicators, which allow for evaluation of the current operating status of the machine. In this work, the use of contour maps to represent the diagnosis map of a bearing, used as a health map, is presented for the first time. The results show that the proposed method is promising, allowing for the satisfactory detection and evaluation of the severity of bearing damage. In this initial stage of the research, our results suggest that this method can improve the classification of bearing faults and, therefore, optimise maintenance processes.

Prognostic impact of β-2-microglobulin expression in colorectal cancers stratified by mismatch repair status

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 996-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Hendrik Koelzer ◽  
Kristi Baker ◽  
Daniela Kassahn ◽  
Daniel Baumhoer ◽  
Inti Zlobec
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Mismatch Repair ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Mismatch Repair Status ◽  
First Time ◽  
Intra Class Correlation Coefficient

Backgroundβ-2-microglobulin (B2M) is essential for antigen presentation, yet may also possess proto-oncogenic properties.AimTo determine the prognostic impact of B2M in patients with mismatch repair (MMR) proficient and deficient colorectal cancer (CRC) and to investigate whether this effect on outcome is dependent on the local immune response. MethodsB2M protein expression and tumour-infiltrating immune cells (CD3, CD16, CD163, CD20, CD4, CD45RO, CD56, CD68, CD8, FoxP3, GranzymeB, iNOS, mast cell tryptase, MUM1, PD1, TIA-1) were evaluated in a well characterised tissue microarray of 408 CRCs. The predictive value for clinicopathological features and the prognostic significance of B2M expression were analysed, stratified by MMR status and the immunohistological characteristics of immune cell infiltrates. ResultsInterobserver agreement for B2M staining was high (intra-class correlation coefficient=0.91). Complete B2M loss was more frequent in MMR-deficient (19.4%) compared to MMR-proficient (7.1%) tumours (p<0.001). In MMR-deficient cases, B2M loss predicted rare local recurrence (p=0.034), infrequent nodal-positivity (p=0.035), absence of distant metastasis (p=0.048; sensitivity=100%) and a trend towards favourable survival (p=0.124) independent of immune infiltrates. No associations between B2M and clinicopathological features were observed in MMR-proficient cases.ConclusionsOur data show for the first time that absence of B2M protein expression identifies MMR-deficient cancers with a favourable clinical course and absence of metastatic disease. Validation of B2M protein expression for sub-classification of MMR-deficient CRC is recommended for future clinical trials.

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