scholarly journals Fatty acids as novel treatment options for Pseudomonad and Staphylococcal infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith Ukachukwu ◽  
Lori Snyder ◽  
Raid Alany
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nonanoic Acid ◽  
Isopropyl Myristate ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Novel Treatment

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are bacteria pathogens that cause a myriad of infections affecting various sites in the body including the eyes, ears, lungs, skin, heart, bones, and blood amongst others. These bacteria can be disseminated via the blood to other parts of the body away from the primary site of infection and consequences vary from mild to severe with death occurring in certain instances. Both bacterial infections can occur individually, as well as in co-infection resulting in even worse outcomes. P. aeruginosa and S. aureus exhibit multidrug resistance against current antibiotic treatment regimens, which accentuates the challenge in managing the infections caused by these bacteria. To prevent the looming era of untreatable bacterial infections, alternative treatment regimens that are cost effective and accessible are needed. To explore novel treatment options, twenty-five organic compounds comprising fatty acids and their derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity in broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Five candidates (N–nonanoic acid, butyric acid, heptanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, and isopropyl myristate) were effective against P. aeruginosa. Seven candidates (N–nonanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, tridecanoic acid, sebaic acid, undecanoic acid, monolaurin, and monocaprin) were effective against S. aureus. Candidates such as N–nonanoic acid and palmitoleic acid were effective against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, demonstrating that the same fatty acids show potential to be used against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial infections.

EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FAT IN AGRIA AFFINIS (FALLÉN)

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy

When larvae of the parasitic fly Agria affinis (Fallén) were reared on fatty acid free diets, the characteristically high palmitoleic acid content of the body fats was much increased. Oleic acid in the diet was effective in reducing this, but not so effective as a mixture of fatty acids. The body fats still contained unusually high proportions of palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids even when a mixture of fatty acids was fed. These observations are related to earlier observations on the nutritional adequacy of various fatty acids.

scholarly journals Awareness of and attitudes to sexually transmissible infections among gay men and other men who have sex with men in England: a qualitative study

Sexual Health ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Datta ◽  
David Reid ◽  
Gwenda Hughes ◽  
Catherine H. Mercer ◽  
Sonali Wayal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Health Promotion Interventions

Background Rates of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) have increased over recent years among gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in England and Wales. HIV diagnoses remain high in this group and men with diagnosed HIV are disproportionally affected by STIs. MSM are therefore a priority for health promotion efforts to reduce STIs. Understanding awareness of and attitudes towards STIs is essential in developing health promotion interventions to reduce prevalence. Methods: Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) with a total of 61 MSM in four English cities included a ranking exercise to gauge how ‘scary’ participants thought 11 STIs are. The exercise sought insights into participants’ awareness of, knowledge about and attitudes towards STIs and blood-borne viruses (BBVs). FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed and data analysed thematically. Results: All groups ranked HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) as the scariest infections, and the majority ranked syphilis and herpes as highly scary. Scabies was ranked as the least scary by most groups. Rankings were dependent on how well informed participants felt about an infection, its transmission mechanisms, health affect and the availability of vaccines and treatment. Personal experience or that of friends influenced perceptions of particular infections, as did their prevalence, treatment options, visibility of symptoms and whether an STI could be cleared from the body. Conclusions: The study findings suggest that, although some MSM are well informed, there is widespread lack of knowledge about the prevalence, modes of transmission, health implications and treatment regimens of particular STIs.

scholarly journals Emerging Treatment Options for Infections by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Positive Microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despoina Koulenti ◽  
Elena Xu ◽  
Andrew Song ◽  
Isaac Yin Sum Mok ◽  
Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Antimicrobial agents are currently the mainstay of treatment for bacterial infections worldwide. However, due to the increased use of antimicrobials in both human and animal medicine, pathogens have now evolved to possess high levels of multi-drug resistance, leading to the persistence and spread of difficult-to-treat infections. Several current antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive bacteria will be rendered useless in the face of increasing resistance rates. There are several emerging antibiotics under development, some of which have been shown to be more effective with an improved safety profile than current treatment regimens against Gram-positive bacteria. We will extensively discuss these antibiotics under clinical development (phase I-III clinical trials) to combat Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We will delve into the mechanism of actions, microbiological spectrum, and, where available, the pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and efficacy of these drugs, aiming to provide a comprehensive review to the involved stakeholders.

EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE COMPOSITION OF BODY FAT IN MUSCA DOMESTICA L.

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentrations

Larvae of Musca domestica L. were reared on chemically defined diets to which various fatty acids were added. The concentration of lipids in the body was directly related to the amount of fatty acid in the diet. Lack of oleic acid was tantamount in the following respects to lack of all fatty acids: high concentrations of palmitic, stearic, and particularly palmitoleic acid; low concentration of oleic acid. Linoleic acid could not be detected in the body fats unless it was fed. Fats had little or no effect on rate of larval growth and development. These results are compared with the results of a previous study of the effects of dietary fatty acids on the composition of the body fats of the parasitic dipteron, Pseudosarcophaga affinis Auct. nee Fallén.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Statins for Treatment of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Chow ◽  
Elizabeth Horn Prsic ◽  
Hyun Joon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
United States Healthcare ◽  
Statin Use

Introduction: A recent systematic review and meta-analysis by our group reported on thirteen published cohorts investigating 110,078 patients. Patients administered statins after their COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization were found to have a lower risk of mortality. Given this reported superiority, a logical next question would be whether statins are cost-effective treatment options for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In this paper, we report on a cost-effectiveness analysis of statin-containing treatment regimens for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, from a United States healthcare perspective. Methods: A Markov model was used, to compare statin use and no statin use among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The cycle length was one week, with a time horizon of 4 weeks. A Monte Carlo microsimulation, with 20,000 samples were used. All analyses were conducted using TreeAge Pro Healthcare Version 2021 R1.1. Results: Treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with statins was both cheaper and more effective than treatment without statins; statin-containing therapy dominates over non-statin therapy. Conclusion: Statin for treatment of COVID-19 should be further investigated in RCTs, especially considering its cost-effective nature. Optimistically and pending the results of future RCTs, statins may also be used broadly for treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Lee ◽  
Nicole Ammerman ◽  
Anusha Agarwal ◽  
Maram Naji ◽  
Si-Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Mycobacterium Abscessus ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Dependent Activity

AbstractCurrent treatment options for lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections have limited effectiveness. To maximize the use of existing antibacterials and to help inform regimen design for treatment, we assessed the in vitro bactericidal activity of single drugs against actively multiplying and net non-replicating M. abscessus populations in nutrient-rich and nutrient starvation conditions, respectively. As single drugs, bedaquiline and rifabutin exerted bactericidal activity only against nutrient-starved and actively growing M. abscessus, respectively. However, when combined, both bedaquiline and rifabutin were able to specifically contribute bactericidal activity at relatively low, clinically relevant concentrations against both replicating and non-replicating bacterial populations. The addition of a third drug, amikacin, further enhanced the bactericidal activity of the bedaquiline-rifabutin combination against nutrient-starved M. abscessus. Overall, these in vitro data suggest that bedaquiline-rifabutin may be a potent backbone combination to support novel treatment regimens for M. abscessus infections. This rich dataset of differential time-and concentration-dependent activity of drugs, alone and together, against M. abscessus also highlights several issues affecting interpretation and translation of in vitro findings.

scholarly journals Treatment of Refractory Postural Tachycardia Syndrome with Subcutaneous Octreotide Delivered Using an Insulin Pump

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Jing Ouyang ◽  
Karen Perkins ◽  
John Somauroo ◽  
Franklin Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Pump ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Postural Tachycardia ◽  
Novel Treatment

Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS) represents a disorder of the autonomic nervous system that results in symptoms of orthostatic intolerance. Despite having a severe impact on the patient’s quality of life, the current treatment options for PoTS are based on limited evidence. Subsequently, this results in clinicians having to utilise a variety of treatment regimens in the hope of successfully providing symptomatic relief. However, the options available for PoTS are not without significant side effects that can worsen an already debilitating condition. Our cases provide a further novel treatment option for clinicians to consider in PoTS refractory to established treatments.

scholarly journals Differential in vitro activity of individual drugs and bedaquiline-rifabutin combinations against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved Mycobacterium abscessus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Lee ◽  
Nicole Ammerman ◽  
Anusha Agarwal ◽  
Maram Naji ◽  
Si-Yang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Mycobacterium Abscessus ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Dependent Activity

Current treatment options for lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections have limited effectiveness. To maximize the use of existing antibacterials and to help inform regimen design for treatment, we assessed the in vitro bactericidal activity of single drugs against actively multiplying and net non-replicating M. abscessus populations in nutrient-rich and nutrient starvation conditions, respectively. As single drugs, bedaquiline and rifabutin exerted bactericidal activity only against nutrient-starved and actively growing M. abscessus, respectively. However, when combined, both bedaquiline and rifabutin were able to specifically contribute bactericidal activity at relatively low, clinically relevant concentrations against both replicating and non-replicating bacterial populations. The addition of a third drug, amikacin, further enhanced the bactericidal activity of the bedaquiline-rifabutin combination against nutrient-starved M. abscessus. Overall, these in vitro data suggest that bedaquiline-rifabutin may be a potent backbone combination to support novel treatment regimens for M. abscessus infections. This rich dataset of differential time- and concentration-dependent activity of drugs, alone and together, against M. abscessus also highlights several issues affecting interpretation and translation of in vitro findings.

scholarly journals Wart Immunotherapies: A Short Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Ryan S. Sefcik ◽  
Craig G. Burkhart
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Contact Allergens

Objective: To review the efficacy and costs of various contact immunotherapies, contact allergens, intralesional immunotherapies, and intralesional cytotoxic agents for the treatment of recalcitrant warts. Background: Cutaneous warts are common viral skin lesions caused by human papillomavirus that can be challenging to treat and frustrating for physicians and patients. Although several treatment options exist, there is no single treatment that can ensure a complete response with lack of lesion recurrence. Immunotherapies for recalcitrant warts present as a cost-effective, efficient therapy option for patients. Intralesional approaches have the added benefit of affecting warts at locations distant to the target location by inducing a systemic T-cell mediated response in the body. Results: Various contact immunotherapies, contact allergens, intralesional immunotherapies, and intralesional cytotoxic agents have shown to be effective in treating warts. The costs of each treatment varies drastically from around $10 US to over $1000 US to achieve a complete response. Several antigens were found to be both efficacious and cost effective. Conclusion: Although efficacy of several antigens has been confirmed by randomized studies, more randomized comparative studies will need to be performed in order to determine the best antigen and correct standardized doses for the treatment of warts in individual patients. It is important to note that individual response to antigen type and dose may vary among patients. Therefore, further studies may play an important role in the use of immunotherapies in a clinical setting.

scholarly journals A Study of Three Cases of Removing Warts Using Medorrhinum and Natrum Muriaticum in Combination

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Nazmul Hasan ◽  
Nazmul Ahsan ◽  
Anwarul Azim Akhand
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Homeopathic Treatment ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Infection ◽  
Papillomavirus Infection

Warts are the results of human papillomavirus infection on the skin. Warts usually occur on the humans’ hands, feet, and also in other locations of the body. We report here a study of three warts cases treated with homeopathic medicines. Two medicines (Medorrhinum and Natrum muriaticum) combinedly were administered orally for treating all three patients. Within 3-14 weeks of treatment, warts disappeared relieving all the patients from suffering. The result of this study is encouraging because the warts were removed without harming the patients and in a cost-effective way. This study would help to develop awareness among medical practitioners regarding the available homeopathic treatment options for warts.

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