Pathogenicity and transmissibility of a novel respirovirus isolated from a Malayan pangolin

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rou Yang ◽  
Jinyu Peng ◽  
Junqiong Zhai ◽  
Kangpeng Xiao ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Animal Infection ◽  
Contact Transmission ◽  
Manis Javanica ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Endangered Animals

The identification of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) has focused attention on these endangered animals and the viruses they carry. We successfully isolated a novel respirovirus from the lungs of a dead Malayan pangolin. Similar to murine respirovirus, the full-length genome of this novel virus was 15 384 nucleotides comprising six genes in the order 3′–(leader)–NP-P-M-F-HN-l-(trailer)−5’. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus belongs to the genus Respirovirus and is most closely related to murine respirovirus. Notably, animal infection experiments indicated that the pangolin virus is highly pathogenic and transmissible in mice, with inoculated mice having variable clinical symptoms and a fatality rate of 70.37 %. The virus was found to replicate in most tissues with the exception of muscle and heart. Contact transmission of the virus was 100 % efficient, although the mice in the contact group displayed milder symptoms, with the virus mainly being detected in the trachea and lungs. The isolation of a novel respirovirus from the Malayan pangolin provides new insight into the evolution and distribution of this important group of viruses and again demonstrates the potential infectious disease threats faced by endangered pangolins.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Recombined Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 among Nadc30-Like, Jxa1-Like, and Mlv-Like Strains

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Zhou ◽  
Runmin Kang ◽  
Jifeng Yu ◽  
Bo Xie ◽  
Changying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Prrsv Strain ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Full Length Genome

Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions occurring in the genome, is considered to contribute to the emergence of new variants. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of a PRRSV field strain, designated SCN17, isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China in 2017. Sequence alignment revealed that SCN17 had discontinuous 131-amino acid (111 + 1 + 19-aa) deletion in the NSP2-coding region identical to that of NADC30 when compared to VR-2332. Notably, the strain, SCN17, contained an additional 1-aa deletion in NSP2, a 1-aa deletion in ORF5, and a unique 3-nt deletion in the 3′-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SCN17 clustered into NADC30-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas it belonged to an inter-lineage between the NADC30-like and VR-2332-like lineages as established based on the full-length genome. Importantly, the SCN17 was identified as a novel virus recombined between a NADC30-like (moderately pathogenic), a JXA1-like (highly pathogenic), and an attenuated vaccine strain, RespPRRS MLV (parental strain VR-2332). Furthermore, we tested its pathogenicity in piglets. SCN17 infection caused a persistent fever, moderate interstitial pneumonia, and increased the viremia and antibody levels in the inoculated piglets. Of note, all SCN17-infected piglets survived throughout the study. The new virus was showed to be a moderately virulent isolate and have lower pathogenicity than HP-PRRSV strain, SCwhn09CD. Our results provide evidence for the continuing evolution of PRRSV field strain by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in the vaccinated pig populations in China.

Antagonism-related PDs Insight & Impairment 11.13.18

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Sleep ◽  
Josh Miller ◽  
Donald Lynam ◽  
William Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Clinical Theory ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Related Personality

Clinical theory is skeptical of individuals’ ability to recognize the presence, severity, and impact of clinical symptoms and pathological traits (Oltmanns & Powers, 2012); however, empirical work has found moderate self-other convergence for reports of pathological traits and for Antagonism-related personality disorder (PD) constructs (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism), which are characterized by low insight. Nevertheless, empirical examinations of insight into perceptions of impairment is scant. Thus, the present study sought to examine individuals’ insight regarding pathological traits and related impairment in two samples. In Sample 1, more psychopathic, narcissistic, and Machiavellian individuals reported higher levels of pathological traits and were aware of related impairment. In Sample 2, individuals reported higher levels of pathological traits and, albeit to a lesser degree, more Antagonism-related impairment. Thus, more psychopathic, narcissistic, and Machiavellian individuals possess a reasonable degree of insight into their trait levels and associated impairment.

Preclinical Research in McArdle Disease: A Review of Research Models and Therapeutic Strategies

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Mónica Villarreal-Salazar ◽  
Astrid Brull ◽  
Gisela Nogales-Gadea ◽  
Antoni L. Andreu ◽  
Miguel A. Martín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Mcardle Disease ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Insight Into

McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism caused by pathogenic mutations in the PYGM gene, which encodes the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase. Clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by transient acute “crises” of early fatigue, myalgia and contractures, which can be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis. Owing to the difficulty of performing mechanistic studies in patients that often rely on invasive techniques, preclinical models have been used for decades, thereby contributing to gain insight into the pathophysiology and pathobiology of human diseases. In the present work, we describe the existing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models for McArdle disease and review the insights these models have provided. In addition, despite presenting some differences with the typical patient’s phenotype, these models allow for a deep study of the different features of the disease while representing a necessary preclinical step to assess the efficacy and safety of possible treatments before they are tested in patients.

scholarly journals Improvement of stiff-person syndrome symptoms in pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. Esch ◽  
Scott D. Newsome
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Stiff Person Syndrome ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Gad65 Antibody ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo describe 2 cases from a single academic institution of improvement in stiff-person syndrome (SPS) symptoms during pregnancy and to review the clinical outcomes of SPS in 6 additional pregnancies described in the literature.MethodsEvaluation of clinical symptoms and treatment changes of disease state during pregnancy.ResultsSeven patients with 9 pregnancies are described in women with a diagnosis of SPS. Six of 7 (86%) women were positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) antibody. In 5 of 9 (56%) pregnancies, symptomatic medications (antispasmodics) were significantly reduced with stabilization or improvement in symptoms through pregnancy. Nine live, healthy pregnancies resulted. All 7 (100%) women experienced worsening of symptoms after the birth of their children, and symptomatic therapies were resumed and/or increased.ConclusionsThe immune pathogenesis of SPS continues to be explored. Immunomodulatory shifts during pregnancy may influence changes of clinical SPS symptoms and provide insight into the unique pathogenesis of SPS. Some women with SPS may be able to reduce symptomatic medications related to clinical improvement during pregnancy. Women with SPS may safely carry pregnancies to term, delivering healthy and unaffected babies.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparison of a Live-Attenuated Genotype I Japanese Encephalitis Virus SD12-F120 Strain with Its Virulent Parental SD12 Strain

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naveed Anwar ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Muddassar Hameed ◽  
Abdul Wahaab ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics ◽  
Insight Into

The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of a live-attenuated genotype I (GI) strain (SD12-F120) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were compared with its virulent parental SD12 strain to gain an insight into the genetic changes acquired during the attenuation process. SD12-F120 formed smaller plaque on BHK-21 cells and showed reduced replication in mouse brains compared with SD12. Mice inoculated with SD12-F120 via either intraperitoneal or intracerebral route showed no clinical symptoms, indicating a highly attenuated phenotype in terms of both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. SD12-F120 harbored 29 nucleotide variations compared with SD12, of which 20 were considered silent nucleotide mutations, while nine resulted in eight amino acid substitutions. Comparison of the amino acid variations of SD12-F120 vs. SD12 pair with those from other four isogenic pairs of the attenuated and their virulent parental strains revealed that the variations at E138 and E176 positions of E protein were identified in four and three pairs, respectively, while the remaining amino acid variations were almost unique to their respective strain pairs. These observations suggest that the genetic changes acquired during the attenuation process were likely to be strain-specific and that the mechanisms associated with JEV attenuation/virulence are complicated.

scholarly journals An Avian H7N1 Gain-of-Function Experiment of Great Concern

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wain-Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
H7n1 Virus

ABSTRACT Inappropriately named gain-of-function influenza research seeks to confer airborne transmission on avian influenza A viruses that otherwise cause only dead-end infections in humans. A recent study has succeeded in doing this with a highly pathogenic ostrich H7N1 virus in a ferret model without loss of virulence. If transposable to humans, this would constitute a novel virus with a case fatality rate ~30 greater than that of Spanish flu. A commentary from three distinguished virologists considered the benefits of this work to outweigh potential risks. I beg to disagree with conclusions in both papers, for the underlying science is not as strong as it appears.

scholarly journals Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Liu ◽  
Wu Chen ◽  
Jin-Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Viral Metagenomics ◽  
Manis Javanica ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Viral Sequences ◽  
Insight Into

Pangolins are endangered animals in urgent need of protection. Identifying and cataloguing the viruses carried by pangolins is a logical approach to evaluate the range of potential pathogens and help with conservation. This study provides insight into viral communities of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica) as well as the molecular epidemiology of dominant pathogenic viruses between Malayan Pangolin and other hosts. A total of 62,508 de novo assembled contigs were constructed, and a BLAST search revealed 3600 ones (≥300 nt) were related to viral sequences, of which 68 contigs had a high level of sequence similarity to known viruses, while dominant viruses were the Sendai virus and Coronavirus. This is the first report on the viral diversity of pangolins, expanding our understanding of the virome in endangered species, and providing insight into the overall diversity of viruses that may be capable of directly or indirectly crossing over into other mammals.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Assessment and Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-29
Author(s):  
Stephen Olaide Aremu ◽  
Emmanuel Olumuyiwa Onifade ◽  
Babatunde Fatoke ◽  
Samuel Olusegun Itodo ◽  
Oluwatosin Oladipo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
General Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Library ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into

The COVID-19 which belongs to the coronaviridae family has continued to spread in a geometric progression version. The disease that originated from Wuhan, Hubei, China has spread to all the continents of the World except Antarctica continent. As of the 5th of August, 2020 there are over 18 million reported cases of COVID-19 from 214 countries and territories of the world. More than 10 million people have recovered while approximately 696,147 people have died due to COVID-19. This review provides general information on the COVID-19 and gives deep insight into the course of the disease, interventions challenges and possible solutions in Nigeria “the giant of Africa”. Scientific databases including Science Direct, Pub Med, Elsevier, Scopus, and Nature were explored. Data has also been accessed from case reports, newspaper reports, internet data, World Health Organisation (WHO) reports, Centre of Disease Control (CDCs) and Nigerian Centre of Disease Control (NCDCs) reports. US National Library of Medicine, Clinicaltrials.gov, has been accessed to get information about ongoing clinical trials. The literature survey started in the first week of April, 2020 and was completed in the first week of August, 2020. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients are generally categorized as critical, severe, moderate and mild or even asymptomatic in descending order in terms of severity. Predictions from experts in different parts of the World concerning the possible impact of the disease in Africa have been on the downside which is due to a lot of glaring factors including poor health facilities and services. 

scholarly journals Detection and characterization of a novel bat-borne coronavirus in Singapore using multiple molecular approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Fang Lim ◽  
Chengfa Benjamin Lee ◽  
Sarah Marie Pascoe ◽  
Choon Beng How ◽  
Sharon Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Cynopterus Brachyotis ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Bat Coronavirus

Bats are important reservoirs and vectors in the transmission of emerging infectious diseases. Many highly pathogenic viruses such as SARS-CoV and rabies-related lyssaviruses have crossed species barriers to infect humans and other animals. In this study we monitored the major roost sites of bats in Singapore, and performed surveillance for zoonotic pathogens in these bats. Screening of guano samples collected during the survey uncovered a bat coronavirus (Betacoronavirus) in Cynopterus brachyotis, commonly known as the lesser dog-faced fruit bat. Using a capture-enrichment sequencing platform, the full-length genome of the bat CoV was sequenced and found to be closely related to the bat coronavirus HKU9 species found in Leschenault’s rousette discovered in the Guangdong and Yunnan provinces.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 with Immunization Priority in the Indian Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Aditi Munmun Sengupta ◽  
Diptendu Chatterjee ◽  
Salil Kumar Bhattacharya ◽  
Rima Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Insight Into

The review was aimed at understanding the immune dysregulation by the novel virus, COVID-19. The review also highlighted the major findings that have been published in the previous studies through secondary research about the mechanism of immune dysregulation, transmission and progression of the virus across the globe. Adults above the age of 60 years and with co-morbidities such as cardiac and renal dysfunction, hypertension and diabetes are predisposed to greater risk of COVID-19 infection. The virus impairs the physiological, psychological and metabolic functioning of the patient. The paper gained an insight into the need for immunization priority for the Indian population and recommendations for the effective policy making in vaccine development and distribution.

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