scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Vibrio cholerae

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Kitaoka ◽  
Sarah T. Miyata ◽  
Daniel Unterweger ◽  
Stefan Pukatzki
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Initial Identification ◽  
Resistant Strains

As the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae represents an enormous public health burden, especially in developing countries around the world. Cholera is a self-limiting illness; however, antibiotics are commonly administered as part of the treatment regimen. Here we review the initial identification and subsequent evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of V. cholerae. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps, spontaneous chromosomal mutation, conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons, are also discussed. Numerous multidrug-resistant strains of V. cholerae have been isolated from both clinical and environmental settings, indicating that antibiotic use has to be restricted and alternative methods for treating cholera have to be implemented.

Enterobacteriaceae Antibiotic Resistance in Ready-to-Eat Foods Collected from Hospital and Community Canteens: Analysis of Prevalence

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARA VINCENTI ◽  
MATTEO RAPONI ◽  
ROMINA SEZZATINI ◽  
GABRIELE GIUBBINI ◽  
PATRIZIA LAURENTI
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Cold Food

ABSTRACT Foodborne diseases and antibiotic resistance are serious widespread health problems in the contemporary world. In this study, we compared the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods found in community canteens versus hospital canteens in Rome, Italy, focusing on detection and quantification of Enterobacteriaceae and the antibiotic resistance of these bacteria. Our findings show a remarkable difference in Enterobacteriaceae contamination between RTE foods distributed in community canteens (33.5% of samples) and those distributed in hospital canteens (5.3% of samples). This result highlights greater attention to good manufacturing practices and good hygiene practices by the food operators in hospitals compared with food operators in community canteens. As expected, a higher percentage of cold food samples (70.9%) than of hot food samples (10.8%) were positive for these bacteria. Excluding the intrinsic resistance of each bacterial strain, 92.3% of the isolated strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and about half of the isolated strains were classified as multidrug resistant. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains was 50% in the community samples and 33.3% in hospital canteens. Our results indicate that approximately 38% of RTE foods provided in community canteens is not compliant with microbiological food safety criteria and could be a special risk for consumers through spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. Hygienic processing and handling of foods is necessary for both hospital and community canteens.

Bactericidal Efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) Against Multidrug Resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 Epidemic Strains

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Jayprakash Yadav ◽  
Meenu Jain ◽  
Preeti Yadav ◽  
A.K. Goel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Resistant Strains

In recent years, emerging trend of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae associated with cholera epidemics is a matter of serious concern for the management of the disease. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics generally results in selection of antibiotic resistant strains. Introduction of newer antibiotics is a challenging task for the researchers as bacteria soon attain resistance. Therefore, identifying natural compounds of medicinal importance for control of cholera would be the best alternative. Garlic (Allium sativum) was recognised for many centuries in early Chinese, Egyptian and Indian civilisations as an herbal or traditional medicine. In present study, garlic was selected for screening of antimicrobial efficacy against V. cholerae. A total of 55 V. cholerae strains isolated from various outbreaks/epidemics were subjected to antimicrobial testing as per CLSI, USA 2010 guidelines. Antimicrobial screening of garlic extract was performed against all the multidrug resistant strains of V. cholerae. The garlic extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the V. cholerae strains tested, irrespective of their origin, multidrug resistance and virulence. Antibacterial efficacy of garlic on V. cholerae was also evident from in vivo study on sealed adult mice model. Thus, the Garlic extract harnesses the potential to control infection of multidrug resistant V. cholerae, especially in outbreak like situations in remote and under developed areas where drug supply itself is a challenge

Antibiotic Resistance as a Virulence Factor of Opportunistic Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
NА Gordinskaya ◽  
EV Boriskina ◽  
DV Kryazhev
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistant Strains

Introduction: A large number of infectious processes are associated with opportunistic microorganisms. The phenotype of antibiotic resistance of such pathogens is multidrug-resistant strains with the presence of various β-lactamases. Our objective was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic features of antibiotic resistance of staphylococci, enterobacteria, and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria – the cause of infectious diseases in patients of various health facilities of Nizhny Novgorod. Material and methods: Using classical microbiological methods and molecular genetic studies, we analyzed 486 strains of microorganisms isolated from the upper respiratory tract, intestines, urine, and wound discharge of patients in 2019–2020. In all isolates, the phenotype of antibiotic resistance was determined by the disco-diffusion method (Bioanalyse, Turkey) and using the Multiscan FC spectrophotometer (ThermoScientific, Finland) with Microlatest tablets (PLIVA-Lachema, Czech Republic), along with molecular features of resistance mechanisms by PCR on the CFX96 device (BioRad, USA) using AmpliSens kits (Russia). Results and discussion: The results showed that the most prevalent causative agents of infectious diseases (40.7 %) were Gram-negative bacteria, of which Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacteria accounted for 27.1 % and 13.6 % of cases, respectively. Staphylococci were isolated in 37.6 % of patients: S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci induced 13.4 % and 24.2 % of cases, respectively. The analysis of antibiotic resistance of the isolates showed a high level of antimicrobial resistance in all hospitals, regardless of the isolation locus. The phenotype of methicillin-resistant strains was found in 26.3 % and 37.9 % of S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, respectively; the mecA gene was found in 89.0 % of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The highest number of antibiotic-resistant strains among Gram-negative microorganisms was observed in K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa. We established that 61.7 % of K. pneumoniae, 75.1 % of A. baumannii, and 58.2 % of P. aeruginosa were resistant to carbapenems. The results of molecular genetic studies confirmed the presence of serine carbapenemases KPC and OXA groups in all multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii; genes of the metallo-β-lactamase of VIM group were found in 40.9 % strains of P. aeruginosa. The production of numerous β-lactamases and the presence of determinants of antibiotic resistance in the genome determine the virulent properties of opportunistic microorganisms. Conclusion: The antibiotic resistance of opportunistic microorganisms is the cause of developing a chronic infectious process. Today, a wide spread of antibiotic-resistant infectious agents is a serious public health problem, which determines the need for constant microbiological monitoring and studies of molecular mechanisms of resistance to identify the most potent antibiotics and to determine the ways of eradication of multidrug-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Outpatient consumption of antibiotics is linked to antibiotic resistance in Europe: results from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

There is increasing recognition that antibiotic consumption provides a major selective pressure for the emergence and persistence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. In 2001, a European Union Council Recommendation stated that data should be gathered on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in European countries

scholarly journals Microbiological and Molecular Genetic Aspects of Antibiotic Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
Yu. E. Skurikhina ◽  
V. B. Turkutyukov
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Molecular Genetic Study ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
High Level

Relevance. The increase in the frequency of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, which have a high level of resistance to many groups of antibiotics, requires a comprehensive study, including modern research methods.Aims. The study of regional features of the dynamics of the formation and circulation of antibiotic-resistant strains A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa.Materials and methods. During 2009-2018 we analyzed the data of microbiological laboratories of multidisciplinary hospitals and carried out a molecular genetic study of the determinants of antibiotic resistance by PCR of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical material in order to determine the level of variability of resistance.Results. The study revealed a tendency to increase in the proportion of strains A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa in the etiological structure of healh-care associated infections and purulent-septic infections; high incidence of strains resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenems, beta-lactams and multi-resistant strains. The appearance and distribution of the determinants of antibiotic resistance NDM-1 and MCR-1 in these bacteria were also detected.Conclusions. Over the past decade, a steady increase in the proportion of A. baumannii and P. Aeruginosa resistant to many antibiotics in patients in intensive care unit and surgery departments in hospitals of Vladivostok (Primorsky reg., Russia), and the emergence of new antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in these microorganisms.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Methicillin-Sensitive S. aureus Pathotypes Isolated on a Commercial Rabbit Farm in Italy

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Anna-Rita Attili ◽  
Alessandro Bellato ◽  
Patrizia Robino ◽  
Livio Galosi ◽  
Cristiano Papeschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Profile Distribution ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Almost All

The breeding of meat rabbits is an important sector in the livestock industry in Italy. The focus of this study was to describe the antibiotic resistance profile distribution among the Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a rabbit farm. From 400 animals of different ages and three farm workers, 96 randomly selected strains isolated from various anatomical sites and lesions were analysed. According to spa typing and the resistance profiles towards veterinary and human antibiotics, 26 pathotypes were identified. The highest resistance was observed against Tetracyclines (92.3%) and Macrolides (80.8%), while almost all were susceptible to Penicillins, according to the limited use of β-lactams on the farm. In total, 92.3% of pathotypes were multidrug resistant (MDRs). Two MDR pathotypes belonging to the t2802 spa type were isolated from both farmers and rabbits. Age categories harboured significantly different pathotypes (p = 0.019), while no association was found between pathotypes and lesions (p = 0.128) or sampling sites (p = 0.491). The antibiotic resistance was observed to increase with the time spent in the farm environment (age category). The selective pressure exerted by antibiotic use acted by giving advantage to more resistant strains rather than by lowering susceptibility to various drug categories within strains.

scholarly journals Characteristics of antibiotic resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae carrying SXT type integrative conjugative elements

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
M. V Podshivalova ◽  
Yu. A Kuzyutina ◽  
I. B Zakharova ◽  
Ya. A Lopasteyskaya ◽  
D. V Viktorov
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Integrative Conjugative Elements

In the paper there is presented a characteristics of antibiotic-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae, isolated in the Volgograd region during the period of 1980-2000. There were studied cultural and morphological properties of the isolates, their biochemical activity, resistance to antibiotics of different classes, there was performed the detection of virulence genes and sequences of transmissible SXT-element. There was demonstrated the presence of different types of SXT in the content of the genome of the examined strains - SXT MO10 element with cluster of the antibiotic resistance gene sulII-strB-dfr18, SXT ET element carrying the sequences sulII dfrA1, and not having a resistance gene to aminoglycosides strB, and SXT S element with deleted cluster of antibiotic resistance genes.

Risk Factors and Outcomes of Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infection in Adult Patients With Acute Leukemia

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S386-S393
Author(s):  
Yuanqi Zhao ◽  
Qingsong Lin ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Runzhi Ma ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

Abstract Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) bloodstream infection (BSI) is a common complication in patients with acute leukemia (AL), and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains poses a serious problem. However, there is limited information regarding antibiotic resistance, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of PA BSI in AL patients. This study explored characteristics associated with the clinical outcomes of AL patients with PA BSI and analyzed factors associated with BSI caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) or carbapenem-resistant strains. Methods This single-center retrospective study enrolled hospitalized AL patients who developed PA BSI during January 2014–December 2019. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were also performed. Results Of 293 eligible patients with PA BSI, 55 (18.8%) received inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy within 48 hours of BSI onset, whereas up to 65.8% MDR-PA BSI patients received inappropriate empirical treatment. The 30-day mortality rate was 8.5% for all patients. However, the 30-day mortality rates were 28.9% and 5.5% in MDR-PA BSI and non–MDR-PA BSI patients, respectively (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, previous use of quinolones (odds ratio [OR], 5.851 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.638–12.975]) and piperacillin/tazobactam (OR, 2.837 [95% CI, 1.151–6.994]) were independently associated with MDR-PA BSI; and MDR-PA BSI (OR, 7.196 [95% CI, 2.773–18.668]), perianal infection (OR, 4.079 [95% CI, 1.401–11.879]), pulmonary infection (OR, 3.028 [95% CI, 1.231–7.446]), and age ≥55 years (OR, 2.871 [95% CI, 1.057–7.799]) were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. Conclusions MDR increases mortality risk in PA BSI patients, and previous antibiotic exposure is important in MDR-PA BSI development. Rational antibiotic use based on local antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical characteristics can help reduce antibiotic resistance and mortality.

scholarly journals 1280. In-Vitro Activity of Cefiderocol, Imipenem/Relebactam, & Ceftazidime/Avibactam in Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Resistant Strains of Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S655-S655
Author(s):  
Daniel Navas ◽  
Angela Charles ◽  
Amy Carr ◽  
Jose Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Resistant Strains

Abstract Background The activity of imipenem/relebactam (I/R), ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) and cefiderocol (FDC) were evaluated against clinical isolates of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of P. aeruginosa which was resistant to ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T). The recent increase of MDR P. aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical samples has prompted research and development of new antimicrobials that can withstand its multiple resistance mechanisms. C/T is an effective option for treatment of MDR P. aeruginosa in our facility with only 10% of resistance in MDR strains, but the emergence of resistance may occur due to the presence of a carbapenemase gene or an ampC mutation. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for C/T Etest® (bioMérieux, Inc.) were performed on all MDR strains initially screened by the VITEK2® (bioMérieux, Inc.). 10% (n=20) of all MDR isolates were resistant to C/T by the CLSI 2019 breakpoints. These resistant isolates were tested for presence of a carbapenemase gene using the GeneXpert CARBA-R (Cepheid®) PCR and against CZA Etest® (bioMérieux, Inc.) I/R gradient strips (Liofilchem®) and FDC broth microdilution (Thermo Scientific™ Sensititre™). Results A total of 20 clinical isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa resistant to C/T were tested following standardized CLSI protocols and techniques. All 20 isolates were screened for the presence of a carbapenemase gene (blaVIM, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaIMP). A blaVIM gene was detected in 6 (30%) out of 20 isolates. FDC demonstrated the greatest activity with 85% (n=17) of susceptible isolates (CLSI MIC <4µg/dL). CZA (CLSI MIC <8µg/dL) and I/R (FDA MIC <2µg/dL) showed 15% (n=3) and 10% (n=2) of susceptible isolates respectively. FDC was active against all 6 blaVIM isolates, where all 6 strains were resistant to CZA and I/R as expected. 3 isolates tested non-susceptible against FDC; additional characterization was not performed at this time. Conclusion Based on these results, FDC demonstrated the greatest in-vitro activity against C/T resistant strains of MDR P. aeruginosa. FDC also demonstrated activity against all 6 MDR P. aeruginosa carrying blaVIM gene. FDC is a strong option to consider on MDR P. aeruginosa strains based on a resistance testing algorithm and a cost/effective protocol. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Kezia Drane ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Michelle Power ◽  
Anna Whelan ◽  
Ellen Ariel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Standard Culture

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in marine environments is a global concern with a propensity to affect public health and many ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring AR in marine environments. In this field, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been commonly identified by using standard culture and sensitivity tests, leading to an overrepresentation of specific, culturable bacterial classes in the available literature. AR was detected against all major antibiotic classes, but the highest cumulative global frequency of resistance in all represented geographical sites was against the beta-lactam class by a two-fold difference compared to all other antibiotics. Wastewater facilities and turtle rehabilitation centres were associated with higher incidences of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) accounting for an average of 58% and 49% of resistant isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a relatively similar prevalence of MDRB was seen in all studied locations. These data suggest that anthropogenically driven selection pressures for the development of AR in sea turtles and marine environments are relatively similar worldwide. There is a need, however, to establish direct demonstrable associations between AR in sea turtles in their respective marine environments with wastewater facilities and other anthropogenic activities worldwide.

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