scholarly journals Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1172-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal J. Snoeck ◽  
Adeniyi T. Adeyanju ◽  
Sébastien De Landtsheer ◽  
Ulf Ottosson ◽  
Shiiwua Manu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ns Gene ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.

scholarly journals Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia A. Bergervoet ◽  
Sylvia B. E. Pritz-Verschuren ◽  
Jose L. Gonzales ◽  
Alex Bossers ◽  
Marjolein J. Poen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Range Restriction ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Host Range Restriction

Abstract In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.

scholarly journals Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in Egypt revealed a novel reassortant H6N2 subtype

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Zanaty ◽  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Wessam H. Mady ◽  
Fatma Amer ◽  
Ahmed A. Nour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Reassortant Strain ◽  
Domestic Birds

Abstract Background Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been identified from more than 100 different species of wild birds around the globe. Wild migratory birds can act as potential spreaders for AIVs to domestic birds between different countries. Egypt is situated on important migratory flyways for wild birds between different continents. While much is known about circulation of zoonotic potential H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs in domestic poultry in Egypt, little is known about the pivotal role of migratory birds in the maintenance and transmission of the viruses in Egypt. Methods Targeted AIV surveillance has been conducted in 2017 in different wetlands areas in Northern and Eastern Egypt. Results AIV of subtype H5 was detected in two bird species. In addition, a novel reassortant strain of the H6N2 subtype was identified which reveals the continuous risk of new influenza virus(es) introduction into Egypt. This novel virus possesses a reassortant pattern originating from different AIV gene pools. Conclusions Intervention control strategies should be performed to minimize the possible contact of domestic birds with wild birds to lower the risk of virus transmission at this interface. In addition, constant monitoring of AIVs in migratory birds is essential in the early detection of influenza virus introduction into Egypt.

scholarly journals A28 Spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) virus in Italy, 2017–8

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Zecchin ◽  
A Fusaro ◽  
G Zamperin ◽  
A Milani ◽  
A Schivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wild Duck ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Birds

Abstract In winter 2016–7 the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, H5N8 subtype, clade 2.3.4.4 group B, circulated extensively both in wild and domestic birds in Europe. Northern Italy was hit by three epidemic waves: the first in January–May 2017, the second in July–December 2017, and the latest in March 2018. To genetically characterize the viruses circulating in Italy we used the Illumina MiSeq platform to sequence the complete genome of representative viruses from each infected farm, for a total of 86 cases in poultry and 17 in wild birds. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses performed using PhyML version 3.1 identified multiple viral introductions of distinct genotypes of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Italy at the beginning of the epidemic (January–February 2017). During the second epidemic wave a single genetic group originating from the virus A/wild duck/Poland/82A/2016 seemed to have been selected, further evolving into two different clusters, namely Italy-A and Italy-B. We identified four clusters of secondary outbreaks, the largest being the epidemic in the province of Brescia between October 2017 and March 2018, which had affected 26 farms. Evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses performed with the BEAST v1.8.4 package (applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, using a constant size coalescent tree prior and a SRD06 model of nucleotide substitution) indicated that different viral introductions had probably occurred through migratory birds from West Russia, Siberia, Central and East Europe. The discrete and continuous phylogeographic analyses showed that group Italy-A had probably emerged between February and April 2017 in the province of Mantua and had then spread eastwards, circulating in the Veneto region and eastern Lombardy; on the contrary, Italy-B had arisen between March and July 2017 in the central part of Lombardy and had spread westwards, circulating in the western part of Lombardy, Emilia Romagna, and Piedmont regions. This study was instrumental to reconstruct the virus dissemination routes and indicated that wild and domestic birds from Lombardy most likely represented the key source for the re-emergence and spread of the HPAI virus during the second and the third epidemic waves. This key spatial information will help to define appropriate disease control strategies.

An experimental model to analyse the risk of introduction of a duck-originated H5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry through close contact and contaminative transmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1836-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. CLAES ◽  
S. MARCHÉ ◽  
J. DEWULF ◽  
T. VAN DEN BERG ◽  
B. LAMBRECHT
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

SUMMARYAquatic wild birds are often carriers of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). If H5 and H7 LPAIVs are transmitted to poultry and have the opportunity to circulate, a highly pathogenic AIV may arise. Contact with aquatic wild birds is one of the most important ways in which these LPAIVs can be introduced into poultry flocks. In this study, the transmissibility of a duck-originated H5 LPAIV between ducks and chickens was analysed in a series of animal experiments, using different transmission routes. Results indicate that the outcome of virus intake by chickens exposed to infectious ducks depends on the way the virus is presented. Faecally contaminated drinking water proved to be the most efficient route by which the virus can be transmitted to chickens. The results from this study also suggest that some duck-originated H5 LPAIVs may be introduced to poultry but do not have the potential to become established in poultry populations.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Shahneaz A. Khan ◽  
Md. K. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012–2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero–subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs’ reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic–wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

scholarly journals Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Marjolein Poen ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
Stefan van der Vliet ◽  
Pascal Lexmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ha Protein

ABSTRACT Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are genetically highly variable and have diversified into multiple evolutionary lineages that are primarily associated with wild-bird reservoirs. Antigenic variation has been described for mammalian influenza viruses and for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses that circulate in poultry, but much less is known about antigenic variation of LPAIVs. In this study, we focused on H13 and H16 LPAIVs that circulate globally in gulls. We investigated the evolutionary history and intercontinental gene flow based on the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and used representative viruses from genetically distinct lineages to determine their antigenic properties by hemagglutination inhibition assays. For H13, at least three distinct genetic clades were evident, while for H16, at least two distinct genetic clades were evident. Twenty and ten events of intercontinental gene flow were identified for H13 and H16 viruses, respectively. At least two antigenic variants of H13 and at least one antigenic variant of H16 were identified. Amino acid positions in the HA protein that may be involved in the antigenic variation were inferred, and some of the positions were located near the receptor binding site of the HA protein, as they are in the HA protein of mammalian influenza A viruses. These findings suggest independent circulation of H13 and H16 subtypes in gull populations, as antigenic patterns do not overlap, and they contribute to the understanding of the genetic and antigenic variation of LPAIVs naturally circulating in wild birds. IMPORTANCE Wild birds play a major role in the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), which are occasionally transmitted—directly or indirectly—from them to other species, including domestic animals, wild mammals, and humans, where they can cause subclinical to fatal disease. Despite a multitude of genetic studies, the antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history, intercontinental gene flow, and antigenic variation among H13 and H16 LPAIVs. The circulation of subtypes H13 and H16 seems to be maintained by a narrower host range, in particular gulls, than the majority of LPAIV subtypes and may therefore serve as a model for evolution and epidemiology of H1 to H12 LPAIVs in wild birds. The findings suggest that H13 and H16 LPAIVs circulate independently of each other and emphasize the need to investigate within-clade antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds.

scholarly journals Characterization of Low-Pathogenic H5 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Eurasia: Implications for the Origin of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 7529-7539 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Duan ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
X. H. Fan ◽  
Y. H. C. Leung ◽  
D. Vijaykrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in many Asian countries, resulting in repeated outbreaks in poultry and increased cases of human infection. The immediate precursor of these HPAI viruses is believed to be A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996. From 2000 onwards, many novel reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses or genotypes have emerged in southern China. However, precursors of the Gs/GD-like viruses and their subsequent reassortants have not been fully determined. Here we characterize low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 subtype viruses isolated from poultry and migratory birds in southern China and Europe from the 1970s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Gs/GD-like virus was likely derived from an LPAI H5 virus in migratory birds. However, its variants arose from multiple reassortments between Gs/GD-like virus and viruses from migratory birds or with those Eurasian viruses isolated in the 1970s. It is of note that unlike HPAI H5N1 viruses, those recent LPAI H5 viruses have not become established in aquatic or terrestrial poultry. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the dynamic nature of the influenza virus gene pool in Eurasia with repeated transmissions between the eastern and western extremities of the continent. The data also show reassortment between influenza viruses from domestic and migratory birds in this region that has contributed to the expanded diversity of the influenza virus gene pool among poultry in Eurasia.

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