scholarly journals Spontaneous and Stimulus-Driven Rhythmic Behaviors in ADHD Adults and Controls

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Kliger Amrani ◽  
Elana Zion Golumbic
Keyword(s):  
Operational Definition ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Temporal Estimation ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors ◽  
Motor Production

AbstractMany aspects of human behavior are inherently rhythmic, requiring production of rhythmic motor actions as well as synchronizing to rhythms in the environment. It is well-established that individuals with ADHD exhibit deficits in temporal estimation and timing functions, which may impact their ability to accurately produce and interact with rhythmic stimuli. In the current study we seek to understand the specific aspects of rhythmic behavior that are implicated in ADHD. We specifically ask whether they are attributed to imprecision in the internal generation of rhythms or to reduced acuity in rhythm perception. We also test key predictions of the Preferred Period Hypothesis, which suggests that both perceptual and motor rhythmic behaviors are biased towards a specific personal ‘default’ tempo. To this end, we tested several aspects of rhythmic behavior and the correspondence between them, including spontaneous motor tempo (SMT), preferred auditory perceptual tempo (PPT) and synchronization-continuations tapping in a broad range of rhythms, from sub-second to supra-second intervals. Moreover, we evaluate the intra-subject consistency of rhythmic preferences, as a means for testing the reality and reliability of personal ‘default-rhythms’. We used a modified operational definition for assessing SMT and PPT, instructing participants to tap or calibrate the rhythms most comfortable for them to count along with, to avoid subjective interpretations of the task.Our results shed new light on the specific aspect of rhythmic deficits implicated in ADHD adults. We find that individuals with ADHD are primarily challenged in producing and maintaining isochronous self-generated motor rhythms, during both spontaneous and memory-paced tapping. However, they nonetheless exhibit good flexibility for synchronizing to a broad range of external rhythms, suggesting that auditory-motor entrainment for simple rhythms is preserved in ADHD, and that the presence of an external pacer allows overcoming their inherent difficulty in self-generating isochronous motor rhythms. In addition, both groups showed optimal memory-paced tapping for rhythms near their ‘counting-based’ SMT and PPT, which were slightly faster in the ADHD group. This is in line with the predictions of the Preferred Period Hypothesis, indicating that at least for this well-defined rhythmic behavior (i.e., counting), individuals tend to prefer similar time-scales in both motor production and perceptual evaluation.

scholarly journals Optimization of Rhythmic Behaviors by Modulation of the Neuromuscular Transform

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 260-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Brezina ◽  
Irina V. Orekhova ◽  
Klaudiusz R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuron Firing ◽  
Functional Behavior ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Multiple Behaviors ◽  
Intrinsic Plasticity ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors

We conclude our study of the properties and the functional role of the neuromuscular transform (NMT). The NMT is an input-output relation that formalizes the processes by which patterns of motor neuron firing are transformed to muscle contractions. Because the NMT acts as a dynamic, nonlinear, and modifiable filter, the transformation is complex. In the two preceding papers we developed a framework for analysis of the NMT and identified with it principles by which the NMT transforms different firing patterns to contractions. We then saw that, with fixed properties, the NMT significantly constrains the production of functional behavior. Many desirable behaviors are not possible with any firing pattern. Here we examine, theoretically as well as experimentally in the accessory radula closer (ARC) neuromuscular system of Aplysia, how this constraint is alleviated by making the properties of the NMT variable by neuromuscular plasticity and modulation. These processes dynamically tune the properties of the NMT to match the desired behavior, expanding the range of behaviors that can be produced. For specific illustration, we continue to focus on the relation between the speed of the NMT and the speed of cyclical, rhythmic behavior. Our analytic framework emphasizes the functional distinction between intrinsic plasticity or modulation of the NMT, dependent, like the contraction itself, on the motor neuron firing pattern, and extrinsic modulation, independent of it. The former is well suited to automatically optimizing the performance of a single behavior; the latter, to multiplying contraction shapes for multiple behaviors. In any case, to alleviate the constraint of the NMT, the plasticity and modulation must be peripheral. Such processes are likely to play a critical role wherever the nervous system must command, through the constraint of the NMT, a broad range of functional behaviors.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Stimulus Reportability

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1602-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J. Hulme ◽  
Karl F. Friston ◽  
Semir Zeki
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Partial Report ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Stimulus Offset

Most experiments on the “neural correlates of consciousness” employ stimulus reportability as an operational definition of what is consciously perceived. The interpretation of such experiments therefore depends critically on understanding the neural basis of stimulus reportability. Using a high volume of fMRI data, we investigated the neural correlates of stimulus reportability using a partial report object detection paradigm. Subjects were presented with a random array of circularly arranged disc-stimuli and were cued, after variable delays (following stimulus offset), to report the presence or absence of a disc at the cued location, using variable motor actions. By uncoupling stimulus processing, decision, and motor response, we were able to use signal detection theory to deconstruct the neural basis of stimulus reportability. We show that retinotopically specific responses in the early visual cortex correlate with stimulus processing but not decision or report; a network of parietal/temporal regions correlates with decisions but not stimulus presence, whereas classical motor regions correlate with report. These findings provide a basic framework for understanding the neural basis of stimulus reportability without the theoretical burden of presupposing a relationship between reportability and consciousness.

scholarly journals On the Multimodal Path to Language: The Relationship Between Rhythmic Movements and Deictic Gestures at the End of the First Year

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Murillo ◽  
Ignacio Montero ◽  
Marta Casla
Keyword(s):  
Rhythmic Movement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Transitional Phenomenon ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Instrumental Action ◽  
Communicative Gestures ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between rhythmic movements and deictic gestures at the end of the first year of life, and to focus on their unimodal or multimodal character. We hypothesize that multimodal rhythmic movement performed with an object in the hand can facilitate the transition to the first deictic gestures. Twenty-three children were observed at 9 and 12 months of age in a naturalistic play situation with their mother or father. Results showed that rhythmic movements with objects in the hand are a frequent behavior in children's repertoires. Rhythmic behaviors tend to decrease from 9 to 12 months, specifically when they are unimodal. Multimodal rhythmic behavior production at 9 months is positively related with proximal deictic gestures 3 months later. Multimodal rhythmic movements are not directly related to distal deictic gestures, but are indirectly related via proximal deictic gestures. These results highlight the relevance of multimodal behaviors in the transition to the use of early gestures, and can be considered as a transitional phenomenon between the instrumental action and early communicative gestures.

scholarly journals Temporally and spatially partitioned neuropeptide release from individual clock neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (17) ◽  
pp. e2101818118
Author(s):  
Markus K. Klose ◽  
Marcel P. Bruchez ◽  
David L. Deitcher ◽  
Edwin S. Levitan
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Neuropeptide Release ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptides control rhythmic behaviors, but the timing and location of their release within circuits is unknown. Here, imaging in the brain shows that synaptic neuropeptide release by Drosophila clock neurons is diurnal, peaking at times of day that were not anticipated by prior electrical and Ca2+ data. Furthermore, hours before peak synaptic neuropeptide release, neuropeptide release occurs at the soma, a neuronal compartment that has not been implicated in peptidergic transmission. The timing disparity between release at the soma and terminals results from independent and compartmentalized mechanisms for daily rhythmic release: consistent with conventional electrical activity–triggered synaptic transmission, terminals require Ca2+ influx, while somatic neuropeptide release is triggered by the biochemical signal IP3. Upon disrupting the somatic mechanism, the rhythm of terminal release and locomotor activity period are unaffected, but the number of flies with rhythmic behavior and sleep–wake balance are reduced. These results support the conclusion that somatic neuropeptide release controls specific features of clock neuron–dependent behaviors. Thus, compartment-specific mechanisms within individual clock neurons produce temporally and spatially partitioned neuropeptide release to expand the peptidergic connectome underlying daily rhythmic behaviors.

scholarly journals Central pattern generation underlying Limulus rhythmic behavior patterns

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Wyse
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Rhythmic Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Activities ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Rhythmic Behaviors

Abstract Many behavioral activities of the horseshoe crab Limulus are rhythmic, and most of these are produced in large part by central pattern generators within the CNS. The chain of opisthosomal ('abdominal') ganglia controls gill movements of ventilation and gill cleaning, and the prosomal ring of fused ganglia (brain and segmental 'thoracic' ganglia) controls generation of feeding and locomotor movements of the legs. Both the opisthosomal CNS and the prosomal CNS can generate behaviorally appropriate patterns of motor output in isolation, without movements or sensory input. Preparations of the isolated opisthosomal CNS generate rhythmic output patterns of motor activity characterized as fictive ventilatory and gill cleaning rhythms. Moreover, CNS preparations also express longer-term patterns, such as intermittent ventilation or sequential bouts of ventilation and gill cleaning. Such longer-term patterns are commonly observed in intact animals. The isolated prosomal CNS does not spontaneously generate the activity patterns characteristic of walking, swimming, and feeding. However, perfusion of octopamine in the isolated prosomal CNS activates central pattern generators underlying rhythmic chewing movements, and injection of octopamine into intact Limulus promotes the chewing pattern of feeding, whether or not food is presented. Our understanding of the ability of neuromodulators such as octopamine to elicit or alter central motor programs may help to clarify the central neural circuits of pattern generation that produce and coordinate these rhythmic behaviors.

Effects of a 6-Week Straw Phonation in Water Exercise Program on the Aging Voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1032
Author(s):  
Chia-Hsin Wu ◽  
Roger W. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Aging Voice ◽  
Before And After

Purpose Semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises with tubes or straws have been widely used for a variety of voice disorders. Yet, the effects of longer periods of SOVT exercises (lasting for weeks) on the aging voice are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of a 6-week straw phonation in water (SPW) exercise program. Method Thirty-seven elderly subjects with self-perceived voice problems were assigned into two groups: (a) SPW exercises with six weekly sessions and home practice (experimental group) and (b) vocal hygiene education (control group). Before and after intervention (2 weeks after the completion of the exercise program), acoustic analysis, auditory–perceptual evaluation, and self-assessment of vocal impairment were conducted. Results Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the two groups in smoothed cepstral peak prominence measures, harmonics-to-noise ratio, the auditory–perceptual parameter of breathiness, and Voice Handicap Index-10 scores postintervention. No significant differences between the two groups were found for other measures. Conclusions Our results supported the positive effects of SOVT exercises for the aging voice, with a 6-week SPW exercise program being a clinical option. Future studies should involve long-term follow-up and additional outcome measures to better understand the efficacy of SOVT exercises, particularly SPW exercises, for the aging voice.

Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Naturalness in Speakers of Varying Gender Identities

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2054-2069
Author(s):  
Brandon Merritt ◽  
Tessa Bent
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Speech Training ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Speech Naturalness

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how speech naturalness relates to masculinity–femininity and gender identification (accuracy and reaction time) for cisgender male and female speakers as well as transmasculine and transfeminine speakers. Method Stimuli included spontaneous speech samples from 20 speakers who are transgender (10 transmasculine and 10 transfeminine) and 20 speakers who are cisgender (10 male and 10 female). Fifty-two listeners completed three tasks: a two-alternative forced-choice gender identification task, a speech naturalness rating task, and a masculinity/femininity rating task. Results Transfeminine and transmasculine speakers were rated as significantly less natural sounding than cisgender speakers. Speakers rated as less natural took longer to identify and were identified less accurately in the gender identification task; furthermore, they were rated as less prototypically masculine/feminine. Conclusions Perceptual speech naturalness for both transfeminine and transmasculine speakers is strongly associated with gender cues in spontaneous speech. Training to align a speaker's voice with their gender identity may concurrently improve perceptual speech naturalness. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12543158

Cultural and Linguistic Adaptation of the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) Into Hindi

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 3974-3981
Author(s):  
Ashwini Joshi ◽  
Isha Baheti ◽  
Vrushali Angadi
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Voice Assessment ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Severity Grade ◽  
Normal Voice ◽  
Group A

Aim The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the reliability of a Hindi version of the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V). Reliability was assessed by comparing Hindi CAPE-V ratings with English CAPE-V ratings and by the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia and Strain (GRBAS) scale. Method Hindi sentences were created to match the phonemic load of the corresponding English CAPE-V sentences. The Hindi sentences were adapted for linguistic content. The original English and adapted Hindi CAPE-V and GRBAS were completed for 33 bilingual individuals with normal voice quality. Additionally, the Hindi CAPE-V and GRBAS were completed for 13 Hindi speakers with disordered voice quality. The agreement of CAPE-V ratings was assessed between language versions, GRBAS ratings, and two rater pairs (three raters in total). Pearson product–moment correlation was completed for all comparisons. Results A strong correlation ( r > .8, p < .01) was found between the Hindi CAPE-V scores and the English CAPE-V scores for most variables in normal voice participants. A weak correlation was found for the variable of strain ( r < .2, p = .400) in the normative group. A strong correlation ( r > .6, p < .01) was found between the overall severity/grade, roughness, and breathiness scores in the GRBAS scale and the CAPE-V scale in normal and disordered voice samples. Significant interrater reliability ( r > .75) was present in overall severity and breathiness. Conclusions The Hindi version of the CAPE-V demonstrates good interrater reliability and concurrent validity with the English CAPE-V and the GRBAS. The Hindi CAPE-V can be used for the auditory-perceptual voice assessment of Hindi speakers.

Instrumental Assessment in Cleft Palate Care

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Perry ◽  
Graham Schenck
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Instrumental Assessment ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Hypernasal Speech ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Velopharyngeal Function ◽  
And Function

Despite advances in surgical management, it is estimated that 20–30% of children with repaired cleft palate will continue to have hypernasal speech and require a second surgery to create normal velopharyngeal function (Bricknell, McFadden, & Curran, 2002; Härtel, Karsten, & Gundlach, 1994; McWilliams, 1990). A qualitative perceptual assessment by a speech-language pathologist is considered the most important step of the evaluation for children with resonance disorders (Peterson-Falzone, Hardin-Jones, & Karnell, 2010). Direct and indirect instrumental analyses should be used to confirm or validate the perceptual evaluation of an experienced speech-language pathologist (Paal, Reulbach, Strobel-Schwarthoff, Nkenke, & Schuster, 2005). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of current instrumental assessment methods used in cleft palate care. Both direct and indirect instrumental procedures will be reviewed with descriptions of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Lastly, new developments for evaluating velopharyngeal structures and function will be provided.

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