scholarly journals The extent and drivers of gender imbalance in neuroscience reference lists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan D. Dworkin ◽  
Kristin A. Linn ◽  
Erin G. Teich ◽  
Perry Zurn ◽  
Russell T. Shinohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Conference Participation ◽  
Citation Practices ◽  
Using Data

Like many scientific disciplines, neuroscience has increasingly attempted to confront pervasive gender imbalances within the field. While much of the conversation has centered around publishing and conference participation, recent research in other fields has called attention to the prevalence of gender bias in citation practices. Because of the downstream effects that citations can have on visibility and career advancement, understanding and eliminating gender bias in citation practices is vital for addressing inequity in a scientific community. In this study, we sought to determine whether there is evidence of gender bias in the citation practices of neuroscientists. Using data from five top neuroscience journals, we find that reference lists tend to include more papers with men as first and last author than would be expected if gender were not a factor in referencing. Importantly, we show that this overcitation of men and undercitation of women is driven largely by the citation practices of men, and is increasing over time as the field becomes more diverse. We develop a co-authorship network to assess homophily in researchers’ social networks, and we find that men tend to overcite men even when their social networks are representative. We discuss possible mechanisms and consider how individual researchers might address these findings in their own practices.

scholarly journals Gender (Im)balance in Citation Practices in Cognitive Neuroscience

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Fulvio ◽  
Ileri Akinnola ◽  
Bradley R. Postle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reference Sections ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Citation Practices ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Nature Neuroscience

In the field of neuroscience, despite the fact that the proportion of peer-reviewed publications authored by women has increased in recent decades, the proportion of citations of women-led publications has not seen a commensurate increase: In five broad-scope journals, citations of papers first- and/or last-authored by women have been shown to be fewer than would be expected if gender was not a factor in citation decisions [Dworkin, J. D., Linn, K. A., Teich, E. G., Zurn, P., Shinohara, R. T., & Bassett, D. S. The extent and drivers of gender imbalance in neuroscience reference lists. Nature Neuroscience, 23, 918–926, 2020]. Given the important implications that such underrepresentation may have on the careers of women researchers, it is important to determine whether this same trend is true in subdisciplines of the field, where interventions might be more targeted. Here, we report the results of an extension of the analyses carried out by Dworkin et al. (2020) to citation patterns in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. The results indicate that the underrepresentation of women-led publications in reference sections is also characteristic of papers published in Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience over the past decade. Furthermore, this pattern of citation imbalances is present regardless of author gender, implicating systemic factors. These results contribute to the growing body of evidence that intentional action is needed to address inequities in the way that we carry out and communicate our science.

Gendered Citation Practices in the Field of Communication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wang ◽  
Jordan Dworkin ◽  
Dale Zhou ◽  
Jennifer Stiso ◽  
Emily B. Falk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Lists ◽  
Citation Practices ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Pervasive gender imbalances exist in the field of communication. In disciplines outside of communication, papers with women as first and last (i.e., senior) authors attract fewer citations than papers with men in those positions. This disparity is partially explained by men’s co-authorship networks. The extent to which co-authorship explains the over-citation of men in communication has not yet been quantified. Using data from 14 communication journals from 1995 to 2018, we find that reference lists include more papers with men as first and last author and fewer papers with women as first and last author than would be expected if gender were unrelated to referencing. This imbalance is driven largely by the citation practices of men and is slowly decreasing over time. The structure of men’s co-authorship networks partly accounts for the observed over-citation of men by other men. We discuss ways researchers might approach gendered citations in their work.

scholarly journals Assessment of gender divide in scientific communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 3807-3840
Author(s):  
Antonio De Nicola ◽  
Gregorio D’Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Complexity Science ◽  
Science Methods ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Dimensional Approach ◽  
Scientific Communities ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Using Data

AbstractIncreasing evidence of women’s under-representation in some scientific disciplines is prompting researchers to expand our understanding of this social phenomenon. Moreover, any countermeasures proposed to eliminate this under-representation should be tailored to the actual reasons for this different participation. Here, we take a multi-dimensional approach to assessing gender differences in science by representing scientific communities as social networks, and using data analytics, complexity science methods, and semantic methods to measure gender differences in the context, the attitude and the success of scientists. We apply this approach to four scientific communities in the two fields of computer science and information systems using the network of authors at four different conferences. For each discipline, one conference is based in Italy and attracts mostly Italians, while one conference is international in both location and participants. The present paper provides evidence against common narratives that women’s under-representation is due to women’s limited skills and/or less social centrality.

scholarly journals The Network Structure of Police Misconduct

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311987979 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wood ◽  
Daria Roithmayr ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Misconduct ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Using Data

Conventional explanations of police misconduct generally adopt a microlevel focus on deviant officers or a macrolevel focus on the top-down organization of police departments. Between these levels are social networks of misconduct. This study recreates these networks using data on 16,503 complaints and 15,811 police officers over a six-year period in Chicago. We examine individual-level factors associated with receiving a complaint, the basic properties of these misconduct networks, and factors related to officer co-naming in complaints. We find that the incidence of police misconduct is associated with attributes including race, age, and tenure and that almost half of police officers are connected in misconduct ties in broader networks of misconduct. We also find that certain dyadic factors, especially seniority and race, strongly predict network ties and the incidence of group misconduct. Our results provide actionable information regarding possible ways to leverage the co-complaint network structure to reduce misconduct.

EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF VIETNAM BANKS USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150010
Author(s):  
DO THI THANH NHAN ◽  
KIM-HUNG PHO ◽  
DANG THI VAN ANH ◽  
MICHAEL MCALEER
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Resource Analysis ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Business Efficiency ◽  
Dea Method ◽  
Using Data

Efficiency is a topic of great interest because its applications are diverse and rich. It is applied greatly in all scientific disciplines, especially accounting for a very large proportion in economics, finance and accounting. The main objective in this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of banks in Vietnam. In order to investigate this issue, there are several implements to examine bank effectiveness where the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is widely used. This paper presents details of the DEA method. Using the data collected from banks in Vietnam for the period 2014–2017, the approach is executed to investigate issues of technical efficiency, resource analysis and business efficiency of banks in Vietnam.

scholarly journals GRANDPARENT CAREGIVERS: THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL NETWORKS AND RESILIENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S678-S679
Author(s):  
Nancy Mendoza ◽  
Christine Fruhauf
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Grandparent Caregivers ◽  
New Information ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Grandparents raising grandchildren experience multiple challenges as they take on the unexpected role of caring for their grandchildren, which usually occurs under stressful and stigmatizing conditions. Many of the challenges grandparents experience are well documented in the research. Less attention is given to understanding how a grandparent caregiver’s social network changes when s/he becomes a caregiver and how her/his social network influences resilience. Thus, the purpose of this study was to use social network analysis (SNA) to examine the relation between social networks and resilience in grandparents raising their grandchildren. This was done by conducting face-to-face interviews with twenty grandparents raising grandchildren after they completed a survey measuring social support, social isolation, and resilience. The interview protocol included questions related to participants’ social network, social support, and services. Prior to the interviews, using data from the surveys participants were identified as representing one of four resilience quadrants: resilient, maladaptive, competent, and vulnerable. Qualitative analysis of grandparent’s social networks across groups indicated resilient grandparent caregivers’ networks were structured in a way that provided more opportunities for the inflow of new information and resources. Whereas the proportion of professionals in maladaptive grandparent caregivers’ networks tended to be less than for other networks. This could suggest that for grandparent caregivers, having professionals in one’s network can be beneficial. Findings from the current study provide opportunities for future research such as identifying ways to help grandparent caregivers structure their social networks to promote resilience.

scholarly journals Identifying Social Network Conditions that Facilitate Sedentary Behavior Change: The Benefit of Being a “Bridge” in a Group-based Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina B. Gesell ◽  
Kayla de la Haye ◽  
Evan C. Sommer ◽  
Santiago J. Saldana ◽  
Shari L. Barkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual

Using data from one of the first trials to try to leverage social networks as a mechanism for obesity intervention, we examined which social network conditions amplified behavior change. Data were collected as part of a community-based healthy lifestyle intervention in Nashville, USA, between June 2014 and July 2017. Adults randomized to the intervention arm were assigned to a small group of 10 participants that met in person for 12 weekly sessions. Intervention small group social networks were measured three times; sedentary behavior was measured by accelerometry at baseline and 12 months. Multivariate hidden Markov models classified people into distinct social network trajectories over time, based on the structure of the emergent network and where the individual was embedded. A multilevel regression analysis assessed the relationship between network trajectory and sedentary behavior (N = 261). Being a person that connected clusters of intervention participants at any point during the intervention predicted an average reduction of 31.3 min/day of sedentary behavior at 12 months, versus being isolated [95% CI: (−61.4, −1.07), p = 0.04]. Certain social network conditions may make it easier to reduce adult sedentary behavior in group-based interventions. While further research will be necessary to establish causality, the implications for intervention design are discussed.

The Three-Legged Stool: Synthesizing and Extending Our Understanding of the Career Advancement Facilitators of Persons With Disabilities in Leadership Positions

2020 ◽  
pp. 000765032090713
Author(s):  
Daniel Samosh
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Societal Factors ◽  
The Social

I examine the career advancement facilitators of organizational stakeholders who may be identified as simultaneously “core” and “fringe” in this article, via the insights of 21 leaders with disabilities. To navigate barriers and advance their careers, these leaders benefited from three categories of facilitators, including career self-management strategies, social networks, and organizational and societal factors. Facilitators are synthesized with a metaphor, the three-legged stool, which depicts three foundational pillars that underlie the leaders’ success. Focusing on an understudied element of the social networks pillar, I examine how leaders’ external networks (family, friends, acquaintances, and role models) facilitated their career advancement. Findings point to the role of strong and weak ties in developing leaders’ career self-management strategies as well as their access to core stakeholder positions. Last, contributions, implications, and limitations of this article are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document