scholarly journals Development of an Objective Risk Stratification Tool to facilitate workplace assessments of healthcare workers when dealing with the CoViD-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
W David Strain ◽  
Janusz Jankowski ◽  
Angharad Davies ◽  
Peter MB English ◽  
Ellis Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
List Type ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification Tool

SummaryHealthcare workers have a greater exposure to individuals with confirmed SARS-novel coronavirus 2, and thus a higher probability of contracting coronavirus disease (CoViD)-19, than the general population. Employers have a duty of care to minimise the risk for their employees. Several bodies including the Faculty of Occupational Medicine, NHS Employers, and Public Health England have published a requirement to perform risk assessments for all health care workers, however, with the absence of an objective risk stratification tool, comparing assessments between individuals is difficult if not impossible. Using published data, we explored the predictive role of basic demographics such as age, sex, ethnicity and comorbidities in order to establish an objective risk stratification tool that could help risk allocate duties to health care workers. We developed an objective risk stratification tool using a Caucasian female <50years of age with no comorbidities as a reference. Each point allocated to risk factors was associated with an approximate doubling in risk. This tool was then validated against the primary care-based analysis. This tool provides objective support for employers when determining which healthcare workers should be allocated to high-risk vs. lower risk patient facing clinical duties or to remote supportive roles.Strengths and limitations of this studyThere is an increased risk of mortality in the clinical workforce due to the effects of CoViD-19.This manuscript outlines a simple risk stratification tool that helps to quantify an individual’s biological riskThis will assist team leaders when allocating roles within clinical departments.This tool does not incorporate other external factors, such as high-risk household members or those at higher risk of mental health issues, that may require additional consideration when allocating clinical duties in an appropriate clinical domain.This population-based analysis did not explain for the very high risk observed in BAME healthcare workers suggesting there are other issues at play that require addressing. BAME healthcare workers suggesting there are other issues at play that require addressing.

scholarly journals Risk stratification as a tool to rationalize quarantine among health care workers exposed to COVID-19 cases – Evidence from a tertiary healthcare centre in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravneet Kaur ◽  
Shashi Kant ◽  
Mohan Bairwa ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Shivram Dhakad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
List Type ◽  
Care Workers

AbstractBackgroundQuarantine of healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to COVID -19 confirmed cases is a well-known strategy for limiting the transmission of infection. However, there is need of evidence-based guidelines for quarantine of HCWs in COVID -19.MethodsWe describe our experience of contact tracing and risk stratification of 3853 HCWs who were exposed to confirmed COVID-19 cases in a tertiary health care institution in India. We developed an algorithm, on the basis of risk stratification, to rationalize quarantine among HCWs. Risk stratification was based on the duration of exposure, distance from the patient, and appropriateness of personal protection equipment (PPE) usage. Only high-risk contacts were quarantined for 14 days. They underwent testing for COVID-19 after five days of exposure, while low-risk contacts continued their work with adherence to physical distancing, hand hygiene, and appropriate use of PPE. The low-risk contacts were encouraged to monitor for symptoms and report for COVID-19 screening if fever, cough, or shortness of breath occurred. We followed up all contacts for 14 days from the last exposure and observed for symptoms of COVID-19 and test positivity.Results and interpretationOut of total 3853 contacts, 560 (14.5%) were categorized as high-risk contacts, and 40 of them were detected positive for COVID-19, with a test positivity rate of 7.1% (95% CI = 5.2 – 9.6). Overall, 118 (3.1%) of all contacts tested positive. Our strategy prevented 3215 HCWs from being quarantined and saved 45,010 person-days of health workforce until June 8, 2020, in the institution.We conclude that exposure-based risk stratification and quarantine of HCWs is a viable strategy to prevent unnecessary quarantine, in a healthcare institution.SummaryWhat is already known about this subject?Quarantine of HCWs is a well-known strategy for community and HCWs to prevent the transmission of COVID-19.Though success stories of prompt contact tracing and quarantine to control COVID-19 are available from countries like South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong, there is a scarcity of evidence that could guide targeted quarantine of HCWs exposed to COVID -19 in India.What does this study add?Only 14.5% HCWs exposed to COVID-19 cases were stratified “high risk” contacts, and the most common reason for high-risk contacts was non-formal workplace interactions such as having meals together.The overall test positivity rate among the high-risk contacts was 7.1%, while it was higher in symptomatic high-risk contacts as compared to those who were asymptomatic (10.2% vs. 6.3%).How might this impact on clinical practice?Contact tracing and risk stratification can be used to minimize unnecessary quarantine of COVID-19 exposed health care workers and prevent the depletion of healthcare workers amidst the pandemic to continue the healthcare services optimally.

scholarly journals Attitudes towards preventive tuberculosis treatment among hospital staff

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Pathak ◽  
Zinta Harrington ◽  
Claudia C. Dobler
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Latent Tb

Background.Healthcare workers have an increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but previous studies suggested that they might be reluctant to accept preventive tuberculosis (TB) treatment. We aimed to examine doctors’ and nurses’ experience of TB screening and to explore their attitudes towards preventive TB treatment.Methods.We conducted a survey among randomly selected healthcare workers at a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia, using a paper-based questionnaire.Results.A total of 1,304 questionnaires were distributed and 311 (24%) responses were received. The majority of hospital staff supported preventive TB treatment in health care workers with evidence of latent TB infection (LTBI) in general (74%, 164/223) and for them personally (81%, 198/244) while 80 and 53 healthcare workers respectively had no opinion on the topic. Staff working in respiratory medicine were significantly less likely to support preventive TB treatment in health care workers in general or for them personally if they would have evidence of LTBI compared to other specialties (p= 0.001). Only 13% (14/106) of respondents with evidence of LTBI indicated that they had been offered preventive TB treatment. Twenty-one percent (64/306) of respondents indicated that they did not know the difference between active and latent TB. Among staff who had undergone testing for LTBI, only 33% (75/230) felt adequately informed about the meaning of their test results.Discussion.Hospital staff in general had positive attitudes towards preventive TB treatment, but actual treatment rates were low and perceived knowledge about LTBI was insufficient among a significant proportion of staff. The gap between high support for preventive TB treatment among staff and low treatment rates needs to be addressed. Better education on the concept of LTBI and the meaning of screening test results is required.

scholarly journals Development and presentation of an objective risk stratification tool for healthcare workers when dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: risk modelling based on hospitalisation and mortality statistics compared with epidemiological data

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e042225
Author(s):  
W David Strain ◽  
Janusz Jankowski ◽  
Angharad P Davies ◽  
Peter English ◽  
Ellis Friedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
White Female ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification Tool ◽  
Line Manager

ObjectivesHealthcare workers have greater exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and an estimated 2.5-fold increased risk of contracting COVID-19 than the general population. We wished to explore the predictive role of basic demographics to establish a simple tool that could help risk stratify healthcare workers.SettingWe undertook a review of the published literature (including multiple search strategies in MEDLINE with PubMed interface) and critically assessed early reports on preprint servers. We explored the relative risk of mortality from readily available demographics to identify the population at the highest risk.ResultsThe published studies specifically assessing the risk of healthcare workers had limited demographics available; therefore, we explored the general population in the literature. Clinician demographics: Mortality increased with increasing age from 50 years onwards. Male sex at birth, and people of black and minority ethnicity groups had higher susceptibility to both hospitalisation and mortality. Comorbid disease. Vascular disease, renal disease, diabetes and chronic pulmonary disease further increased risk. Risk stratification tool: A risk stratification tool was compiled using a white female aged <50 years with no comorbidities as a reference. A point allocated to risk factors was associated with an approximate doubling in risk. This tool provides numerical support for healthcare workers when determining which team members should be allocated to patient facing clinical duties compared with remote supportive roles.ConclusionsWe generated a tool that provides a framework for objective risk stratification of doctors and healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, without requiring disclosure of information that an individual may not wish to share with their direct line manager during the risk assessment process. This tool has been made freely available through the British Medical Association website and is widely used in the National Health Service and other external organisations.

scholarly journals Comparison of psychological symptoms between infected and non-infected COVID-19 health care workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nami Mohammadian Khonsari ◽  
Gita Shafiee ◽  
Atefeh Zandifar ◽  
Sahar Mohammad Poornami ◽  
Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Studies have shown that health care workers (HCWs), as front liners of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, are at high risk for psychological symptoms, but few studies have compared these symptoms in infected and non-infected HCWs. This study compares psychological symptoms among these two groups. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 938 HCWs from various medical fields working in the leading general hospitals of Alborz province, Iran, were selected using a multistage sampling method. The participants had contact with COVID-19 patients. Post-traumatic stress disorder-8 (PTSD-8) is a validated questionnaire that we used to evaluate PTSD symptoms along with its subscales, including intrusion, avoidance, and hypervigilance. Also, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 questionnaire was used to assess the severity of the aforementioned conditions in HCWs. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare psychological symptoms in infected and non-infected HCWs. Results Among 938 included HCWs, 55 had a history of confirmed COVID-19 infection. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, intrusion, hypervigilance, and avoidance among infected HCWs were significantly higher in comparison to non-infected HCWs. In the multivariate logistic model, history of COVID-19 infection among HCWs was associated with a significantly increased risk of anxiety, depression, stress, intrusion, hyper-vigilance, and avoidance. Conclusion The present study showed that the HCWs with COVID-19 infection were at a high risk of displaying psychological symptoms. Therefore, it is also necessary to develop psychological support and interventions for HCWs, especially those who got infected with the virus.

scholarly journals Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence among non-vaccinated healthcare workers: a study from rural North India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3348
Author(s):  
Pratibha Mane ◽  
Jyoti Sangwan ◽  
Kirti Lohan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
North India ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Positive Form ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease reported in China initially which spread around the world in no time affecting millions of people. It is caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019 n-CoV). The healthcare workers (HCW) are at increased risk of acquiring the disease as well as antibody response.Methods: 457 health care workers (HCW) were recruited to give blood samples for anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG testing between September to October 2020.Results: Of the 457 participants, IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 116 health care workers (25.4%). The anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected maximally in HCWs involved in laboratory work. Around 4 % of health care workers were RT-PCR positive form whom IgG were detected in 15 individuals (71.4%) only.Conclusions: The study concludes a higher prevalence among health care workers involved with patient’s samples and laboratory.

scholarly journals Nonspecific low back pain and associated factors in the professions of health care workers especially the physiotherapist

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Care Workers

Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is relatively a major cause of disability among the working population and has a significant socioeconomic impact. The study aims were to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low back pain among professions of health care workers especially the physiotherapist. Methods: A total of 225 participants (78,7%female, 21.3% male) among students of Professional and Scientific Master degree in University of Medicine, Faculty of Technical Medical Science and healthcare workers that working in the University and in the tertiary University Medical Center of Tirana "Mother Teresa" were involved to evaluate LBP for a period for more than two years (from Mars 2017 until to November 2019). A standardized Nordic questionnaire for the analysis of LBP symptoms and epidemiological risk factor data was used to collect information from our study participants. Results: Prevalence of LBP in healthcare workers was determined to be 87.5%. Female resulted to be 4.9 times in risk to have LBP compared to male for CI 95% (2.16-11.2) p value<0.001. The average age resulted to be 37 ± 5.9, where the minimum and maximum age were 21 and 55 years old respectively. The participants ≥51 years old were 14 times in high risk for LBP compared to other age groups for CI 95% (5.9-21.6) p value=0.001. It was observed that low back pain was most common among nurses (44.1%) p value<0.0001. Also risk factors such as job position, working condition, long standing and long sitting at desk, health status and also the physical activity demonstrated an association and increasing low back pain risk, p value in all these factors resulted less than 0.05. Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that the prevalence of LBP were higher and healthcare workers especially the nurses are among group with high risk of low back pain.

scholarly journals Risk Stratification as a Tool to Rationalize Quarantine of Health Care Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Cases: Evidence From a Tertiary Health Care Center in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 101053952097731
Author(s):  
Ravneet Kaur ◽  
Shashi Kant ◽  
Mohan Bairwa ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Shivram Dhakad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Evidence Based Guideline

Quarantine of health care workers (HCWs) exposed to COVID-19–confirmed cases is a well-known strategy for limiting the transmission of infection. However, during a pandemic situation in a resource-constraint setting, we require an evidence-based guideline for quarantining HCWs. We developed an algorithm for exposure-based risk stratification and quarantine of HCWs. We did contact tracing and risk stratification of 3853 HCWs, of whom 560 (14.5%) were categorized as high-risk contacts. High-risk contacts were quarantined for 14 days and underwent testing for COVID-19, while low-risk contacts continued their work with adherence to physical distancing, hand hygiene, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and self-monitoring of symptoms. Overall, 118 (3.1%) contacts tested positive for COVID-19. The positivity rate among high-risk contacts was 7.1% (95% confidence interval = 5.2-9.6). Our strategy of risk stratification prevented 3215 HCWs from being quarantined and thus saved 45 010 person-days of health workforce in the institution.

scholarly journals Rapid environmental monitoring, capture, and destruction activities of SARS-CoV-2 during the Covid-19 health emergency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Marchetti ◽  
Martina Stella ◽  
Debjyoti Talukdar ◽  
Rosaria Erika Pileci
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
List Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Hospital Wards

ABSTRACTObjectivesSARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a health emergency for occupational healthcare workers at COVID19 hospital wards in Italy. The objective of the study was to investigate if U-Earth AIRcel bioreactors were effective in monitoring and improving air quality via detection, capture, and destruction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, reducing the risk of transmission among healthcare workers.MethodsU-Earth AIRcel bioreactors are a demonstrated effective biomonitoring system. We implemented a methodological approach wherein they were placed at various hospitals treating COVID-19 patients in Italy. The detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was achieved through rapid biomonitoring testing of the solutes from the AIRcel bioreactors via SARS-CoV-2 rapid test antigen and consecutive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis with the multiplex platform (XABT) and the Real-Time PCR Rotor-Gene.ResultsThe marked presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was found in multiple water samples via the detection of ORF1ab + N and/or E gene involved in gene expression and cellular signaling of the SARS-CoV virus. The AIRcel bioreactors were able to neutralize the virus effectively as traces of the viruses were no longer found in multiple solute samples after an overnight period.ConclusionsTransmission of COVID-19 via bio-aerosols, transmitted by infected patients, remains a viable threat for health workers. AIRcel bioreactors allow for rapid biomonitoring testing for early virus detection within the environment, reducing the risk of exponential contagion exposure and maintaining good air quality without endangering health workers. This same protocol can also be extended to public spaces as a bio-monitoring tool for hotpots early detection.Key messagesWhat is already known about this subject?Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus via bio-aerosols is a threat to health care workers. Only few studies have conducted investigations on how to limit the spread of the virus via air purifiers.Existing studies show a higher risk to health care workers serving at COVID-19 wards with a higher risk of viral transmission.What are the new findings?In this study, SARS-CoV-2 virus traces were captured by U-Earth air purifier bioreactor units placed at several hospitals in Italy.AIRcel bioreactors achieved early detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within the environment via rapid biomonitoring testing.AIRcel bioreactors have proved effective in biomonitoring via the detection, capture, and destruction of SARS-CoV-2 virus through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis with the multiplex platform (XABT) Multiple Real-Time PCR Rotor-Gene.How might this impact on policy or clinical practice in the foreseeable future?This study shows the need for effective surveillance and biomonitoring to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. AIRcel bioreactors, an effective occupational surveillance system, can reduce the transmission of the virus to health care workers serving COVID-19 infected patients at hospital wards.AIRcel bioreactors can also be used in public spaces and other settings, such as schools, to increase the speed of detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and improve control of the environment, thereby decreasing the exponential growth of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Occupational Health and Infection Control Practices in Some Federal Medical Centers (FMCs) in Southern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
O. T. Allen ◽  
I. L. Nwaogazie ◽  
K. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
At Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Southern Nigeria

The hospital is a high risk environment for the transmission of infections to health care workers, visitors, patients and the surrounding community. Healthcare workers are exposed to a variety of hazards which predisposes these “indispensable carers” to various life threatening infections and diseases. This study is aimed at evaluating the occupational hygiene and infection control practices in Federal Medical Center (FMC) Owerri and FMC Yenayoa, both located within southern Nigeria. Descriptive cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire and walk-through safety checklist was employed. A total of 379 healthcare workers were selected through disproportionate stratified sampling from the two facilities. The questionnaires were self-administered and analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0. Frequencies, chi-square were computed and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predisposing factors to which health workers are exposed; 60.7% of respondents were male, dominant age group; 30 – 39yrs, nurses represented a larger proportion (34.8%) of healthcare workers in this study; 51.7% and 48.3% of respondents in FMC Yenagoa and FMC Owerri respectively had a good knowledge of hazards and controls. There was a significant difference with chi-square as, 9.710 p-Value <0.008. Good level of attitude was 44.7% in Owerri and 21.2% in Yenagoa, chi-square 18.295 p-Value <0.001. Overall level of occupational hygiene and infection control practices was poor in both facilities. Health care workers had a very high level of exposure to ergonomic hazards (88.9%) and biological hazards 47.6% in Owerri and 55.3% in Yenagoa. Nurses were 5 times more at risk of ergonomic hazards (95%CI) – 5.96 (2.19–16.24)  p-Value < 0.001, while Medical Laboratory scientists were 5 times more at risk of chemical hazards (OR = 5.98, 95CI: 3.05–11.69, p-Value <0.001). The checklist revealed that both facilities were of imminent high risk category. Health care workers at FMC Yenagoa had higher exposures to all five categories of hazards than FMC Owerri. Working in FMC Owerri predisposes workers to higher health hazards than in FMC Yenagoa. There was better administrative controls including trainings and immunizations in FMC Yenagoa than in FMC Owerri.

scholarly journals Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 among High-Risk Groups: Findings from Serosurveys in 6 Urban Areas of Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanta Kanungo ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Debdutta Bhattacharya ◽  
Jaya Singh Kshatri ◽  
Subrata Kumar Palo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Personnel involved in essential services or residing in high risk areas during the COVID-19 pandemic are at increased risk of getting infected, and higher infection rates among such personnel can paralyze these services due to shortage of staff. Evaluating the proportion of personnel infected can be done using seroprevalence studies or serosurveys.Methods: During July to November, 2020, individuals from multiple high risk groups in 6 urban centres in the state of Odisha, India, which included health care workers, police personnel, municipality/ sanitation staff, residents of urban slums, vendors, press staff, and prisoners, were recruited into the study after obtaining written informed consent. Blood samples collected from the study participants were tested for IgG antibodies against COVID-19 in Roche Cobas e441. Information on socio-demographic variables, association with a confirmed or suspected case, symptoms profile of individuals within 30 days, travel and history of testing for COVID-19 were collected. All the statistical analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 (Stata corp., Texas). A P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 5434 individuals included in the final analysis, the overall COVID-19 seroprevalence was found to be 34.9% (95% CI 33.6-36.2). The seroprevalence varied from 21.8% (95% CI 19.6-24.1) in Rourkela to 54.9% (95% CI 51.5-58.2) in Bhubaneswar. Seropositivity was maximum among prisoners (47.7%, 138/289), followed by municipality/ sanitation staff (43.5%, 330/758), other office going staff (40.8%, 183/448), slum residents and vendors (39.8%, 252/633), police personnel (38.3%, 354/922), health care workers (27.1%, 536/1977), press staff (27.2%, 18/66) and residents of containment zones (25.2%, 86/341). On multivariate logistic regression, participants aged 18-29 years, 30-44 years, residents of slums and vending zone, municipality staffs, prisoners, residents of urban sites Malkangiri, Cuttack, Paralakhemundi and Bhubaneswar and those with previous history of confirmed COVID-19 were found to be independent co-relates of seropositivity.Conclusions: Risk of COVID-19 infection varied among the various high risk groups of Odisha. Periodic seroprevalence studies in future is essential to protect personnel involved in frontline activities during the ongoing pandemic.

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