scholarly journals Overexpression of the transcription factor GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR5 improves transformation of dicot and monocot species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jixiang Kong ◽  
Susana Martín-Ortigosa ◽  
John Finer ◽  
Nuananong Orchard ◽  
Andika Gunadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Transformation Efficiency ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Transgenic Callus

1AbstractSuccessful regeneration of genetically modified plants from cell culture is highly dependent on the species, genotype, and tissue-type being targeted for transformation. Studies in some plant species have shown that when expression is altered, some genes regulating developmental processes are capable of triggering plant regeneration in a variety of plant cells and tissue-types previously identified as being recalcitrant to regeneration. In the present research, we report that developmental genes encoding GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS positively enhance regeneration and transformation in both monocot and dicot species. In sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), ectopic expression of Arabidopsis GRF5 (AtGRF5) in callus cells accelerates shoot formation and dramatically increases transformation efficiency. More importantly, overexpression of AtGRF5 enables the production of stable transformants in recalcitrant sugar beet varieties. The introduction of AtGRF5 and GRF5 orthologs into canola (Brassica napus L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) results in significant increases in genetic transformation of the explant tissue. A positive effect on proliferation of transgenic callus cells in canola was observed upon overexpression of GRF5 genes and AtGRF6 and AtGRF9. In soybean and sunflower, the overexpression of GRF5 genes seems to increase the proliferation of transformed cells, promoting transgenic shoot formation. In addition, the transformation of two putative AtGRF5 orthologs in maize (Zea mays L.) significantly boosts transformation efficiency and resulted in fully fertile transgenic plants. Overall, the results suggest that overexpression of GRF genes render cells and tissues more competent to regeneration across a wide variety of crop species and regeneration processes. This sets GRFs apart from other developmental regulators and, therefore, they can potentially be applied to improve transformation of monocot and dicot plant species.

Relation Between Salt Tolerance and Long-Distance Transport of Sodium and Chloride in Various Crop Species

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Lessani ◽  
H Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of NaCl concentrations up to 100 mM in the nutrient solution upon dry matter production and mineral composition of seven plant species was studied in a pot culture experiment. The plants could be arranged into three groups according to the depression in dry matter production at 100 mM NaCl: tolerant (sugar beet; maize, cv. Velox); moderately tolerant (cress; sunflower; safflower; maize, cv. DC 790); and sensitive (pepper; bean, cv. Saxa and Contender). In all plant species, the chloride content increased more than the sodium content in the shoots with an increasing supply of NaCl. Differences between plant species were much higher in sodium content than in chloride content. In most plant species, a supply of NaCl decreased the potassium content much less than the calcium content. Application of labelled sodium (22Na) and chloride (36Cl) to the leaves of plants without supplying NaCl to the roots revealed great differences between the species with regards to sodium and chloride retranslocation. No correlation could be found, however, between the retranslocation rates of chloride and sodium respectively within a particular plant species. Part of the retranslocated 22Na and 36Cl had been lost through efflux from the roots. The efflux of 36Cl was low in all plant species. The efflux of 22Na was generally higher and differed considerably between the plant species, ranging from zero in sugar beet to 14% in bean. A significant positive correlation exists between this efflux of 22Na in the various plant species and the corresponding growth depression caused by an increasing supply of NaCl.

scholarly journals Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression of the DAN/TIR Mannoprotein Genes During Anaerobic Remodeling of the Cell Wall in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177
Author(s):  
Natalia E Abramova ◽  
Brian D Cohen ◽  
Odeniel Sertil ◽  
Rachna Kapoor ◽  
Kelvin J A Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Zinc Cluster ◽  
Sterol Transport ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Altered Regulation ◽  
Repression Domain

Abstract The DAN/TIR genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode homologous mannoproteins, some of which are essential for anaerobic growth. Expression of these genes is induced during anaerobiosis and in some cases during cold shock. We show that several heme-responsive mechanisms combine to regulate DAN/TIR gene expression. The first mechanism employs two repression factors, Mox1 and Mox2, and an activation factor, Mox4 (for mannoprotein regulation by oxygen). The genes encoding these proteins were identified by selecting for recessive mutants with altered regulation of a dan1::ura3 fusion. MOX4 is identical to UPC2, encoding a binucleate zinc cluster protein controlling expression of an anaerobic sterol transport system. Mox4/Upc2 is required for expression of all the DAN/TIR genes. It appears to act through a consensus sequence termed the AR1 site, as does Mox2. The noninducible mox4Δ allele was epistatic to the constitutive mox1 and mox2 mutations, suggesting that Mox1 and Mox2 modulate activation by Mox4 in a heme-dependent fashion. Mutations in a putative repression domain in Mox4 caused constitutive expression of the DAN/TIR genes, indicating a role for this domain in heme repression. MOX4 expression is induced both in anaerobic and cold-shocked cells, so heme may also regulate DAN/TIR expression through inhibition of expression of MOX4. Indeed, ectopic expression of MOX4 in aerobic cells resulted in partially constitutive expression of DAN1. Heme also regulates expression of some of the DAN/TIR genes through the Rox7 repressor, which also controls expression of the hypoxic gene ANB1. In addition Rox1, another heme-responsive repressor, and the global repressors Tup1 and Ssn6 are also required for full aerobic repression of these genes.

scholarly journals Ectopic expression of the Stabilin2 gene triggered by an intracisternal A particle (IAP) element in DBA/2J strain of mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies ◽  
Sylvia Hiller ◽  
Sharlene Dong ◽  
Hyung-Suk Kim ◽  
Brian J. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Promoter Region ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Normal Expression ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Intracisternal A Particle

AbstractStabilin2 (Stab2) encodes a large transmembrane protein which is predominantly expressed in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and functions as a scavenger receptor for various macromolecules including hyaluronans (HA). In DBA/2J mice, plasma HA concentration is ten times higher than in 129S6 or C57BL/6J mice, and this phenotype is genetically linked to the Stab2 locus. Stab2 mRNA in the LSECs was significantly lower in DBA/2J than in 129S6, leading to reduced STAB2 proteins in the DBA/2J LSECs. We found a retrovirus-derived transposable element, intracisternal A particle (IAP), in the promoter region of Stab2DBA which likely interferes with normal expression in the LSECs. In contrast, in other tissues of DBA/2J mice, the IAP drives high ectopic Stab2DBA transcription starting within the 5′ long terminal repeat of IAP in a reverse orientation and continuing through the downstream Stab2DBA. Ectopic transcription requires the Stab2-IAP element but is dominantly suppressed by the presence of loci on 59.7–73.0 Mb of chromosome (Chr) 13 from C57BL/6J, while the same region in 129S6 requires additional loci for complete suppression. Chr13:59.9–73 Mb contains a large number of genes encoding Krüppel-associated box-domain zinc-finger proteins that target transposable elements-derived sequences and repress their expression. Despite the high amount of ectopic Stab2DBA transcript in tissues other than liver, STAB2 protein was undetectable and unlikely to contribute to the plasma HA levels of DBA/2J mice. Nevertheless, the IAP insertion and its effects on the transcription of the downstream Stab2DBA exemplify that stochastic evolutional events could significantly influence susceptibility to complex but common diseases.

scholarly journals Changes in botanical composition of alfalfa mixtures depending on the species and N fertilization

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Nesic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
S. Vuckovic ◽  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
S. Josipovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Forage Plant ◽  
Leguminous Species ◽  
Competitive Abilities ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Alfalfa is the most important forage plant in our country. It is mainly grown as pure crop for livestock nutrition, although it gives very good results when grown in mixture with other plant species. By growing in mixtures many advantages are achieved, the most important are: possibility for alfalfa to be used in grazing and reduced need for fertilization of grassland. In two year trial (2003-2004), changes in botanical composition of alfalfa mixtures depending on the present species in the mixture, i.e. their competitive abilities and fertilization with N, were monitored. Investigations showed that by ageing of crops the share of grasses increases and share of legumes and weeds decreases. Fertilization showed positive effect on strengthening of competitive abilities of grass in relation to leguminous species and increased share of weeds in forage mixtures.

Efficiency of organic and mineral fertilizers under sugar beet and watermelon

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Hasil Cəmil oğlu Bağırov ◽  
◽  
Vüqar İmanəli oğlu Cəfərov ◽  
Arzu Vidadi qızı Həşimova ◽  
Rəşidə Elşən qızı Şükürova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Organic And Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Positive Effect

Without knowing the main quality indicators of agricultural products, it is impossible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of this or that agro-technical measure. One of the factors influencing the quality of sugar beet and watermelon is the effective application of fertilizers. Fertilizers increase the quality indicators of the product along with its expansion. From this point of view, the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon product in the meadow-gray soils of Mugan-Salyan region was studied. The combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the quality indicators of sugar beet and watermelon. Key words: organic and mineral fertilizers, sugar beet, watermelon, phosphorus, potassium, productivity, soil, quality

Ectopic expression of a R2R3 MYB transcription factor of dove tree (Davidia involucrata) aggravates seed abortion in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Jian Li ◽  
Tian Chen ◽  
Fengzhen Huang ◽  
Penghui Dai ◽  
Fuxiang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Seed Abortion ◽  
Transgenic Seeds ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Colour Changes ◽  
R2r3 Myb

Serious seed abortion of dove tree (Davidia involucrate Baill.) is one of the critical factors leading to the low fecundity of this species. Seed abortion is a complicated process and various factors have been verified to synergistically determine the fate of seeds. To reveal the mechanism of seed abortion in D. involucrata, we performed transcriptome analysis in normal and abortive seeds of D. involucrata. According to the transcriptome data, we noticed that most of the genes encoding a MYB transcription factor were predominantly expressed in abortive seeds. Among these, a gene named DiMYB1 was selected and its function was validated in this study. Overexpression of DiMYB1 resulted in obviously reduced viability of transgenic seeds and seedlings, and caused a significantly higher seed abortion rate. The vegetative growth of transgenic plants was hindered, resulting in an earlier flowering time. In addition, colour changes occurred in transgenic plants. Some transgenic sprouts, stems and pods appeared purple instead of green in colour. Our finding demonstrated that DiMYB1 participates in multiple plant developmental processes, especially in seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., which indicated the similar role of this gene in D. involucrata.

Evaluation of virus-induced gene silencing methods for forage legumes including alfalfa, sainfoin, and fenugreek

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 917-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champa Wijekoon ◽  
Stacy D. Singer ◽  
Randall J. Weselake ◽  
Udaya Subedi ◽  
Surya N. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Homologous Gene ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum L

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a rapid reverse genetics tool that has been developed in a wide variety of plant species for assessing gene functions. However, while VIGS has been utilized successfully in the diploid model leguminous species Medicago truncatula (Gaertn.) (barrel medic), such a platform has yet to be established in forage legume crop species. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of this method in forage legumes using a previously developed PEBV (pea early browning virus) system whereby a fragment of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) gene was transferred into a range of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cultivars using leaf infiltration and apical meristem injection. Barrel medic was used as a positive control. Gene silencing was observed after 10–15 d through the presence of a leaf bleaching phenotype, and was confirmed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Silencing of PDS was achieved in a selection of cultivars in all species assessed, with the highest silencing efficiency apparent in fenugreek. The introduction of a highly homologous gene fragment from a heterologous plant species to target endogenous genes for transient VIGS-based silencing in a range of species of interest represents a potentially useful strategy for the rapid functional characterization of candidate genes in forages.

scholarly journals An Update on Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Mailloux
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Mitochondria are quantifiably the most important sources of superoxide (O2●−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mammalian cells. The overproduction of these molecules has been studied mostly in the contexts of the pathogenesis of human diseases and aging. However, controlled bursts in mitochondrial ROS production, most notably H2O2, also plays a vital role in the transmission of cellular information. Striking a balance between utilizing H2O2 in second messaging whilst avoiding its deleterious effects requires the use of sophisticated feedback control and H2O2 degrading mechanisms. Mitochondria are enriched with H2O2 degrading enzymes to desensitize redox signals. These organelles also use a series of negative feedback loops, such as proton leaks or protein S-glutathionylation, to inhibit H2O2 production. Understanding how mitochondria produce ROS is also important for comprehending how these organelles use H2O2 in eustress signaling. Indeed, twelve different enzymes associated with nutrient metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can serve as important ROS sources. This includes several flavoproteins and respiratory complexes I-III. Progress in understanding how mitochondria generate H2O2 for signaling must also account for critical physiological factors that strongly influence ROS production, such as sex differences and genetic variances in genes encoding antioxidants and proteins involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In the present review, I provide an updated view on how mitochondria budget cellular H2O2 production. These discussions will focus on the potential addition of two acyl-CoA dehydrogenases to the list of ROS generators and the impact of important phenotypic and physiological factors such as tissue type, mouse strain, and sex on production by these individual sites.

scholarly journals Activation of Toxin-Antitoxin System Toxins Suppresses Lethality Caused by the Loss of σEin Escherichia coli

2015 ◽  
Vol 197 (14) ◽  
pp. 2316-2324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Daimon ◽  
Shin-ichiro Narita ◽  
Yoshinori Akiyama
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Envelope Stress ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Σ Factor ◽  
Mutant Forms

ABSTRACTσE, an alternative σ factor that governs a major signaling pathway in envelope stress responses in Gram-negative bacteria, is essential for growth ofEscherichia colinot only under stressful conditions, such as elevated temperature, but also under normal laboratory conditions. A mutational inactivation of thehicBgene has been reported to suppress the lethality caused by the loss of σE.hicBencodes the antitoxin of the HicA-HicB toxin-antitoxin (TA) system; overexpression of the HicA toxin, which exhibits mRNA interferase activity, causes cleavage of mRNAs and an arrest of cell growth, while simultaneous expression of HicB neutralizes the toxic effects of overproduced HicA. To date, however, how the loss of HicB rescues the cell lethality in the absence of σEand, more specifically, whether HicA is involved in this process remain unknown. Here we showed that simultaneous disruption ofhicAabolished suppression of the σEessentiality in the absence ofhicB, while ectopic expression of wild-type HicA, but not that of its mutant forms without mRNA interferase activity, restored the suppression. Furthermore, HicA and two other mRNA interferase toxins, HigB and YafQ, suppressed the σEessentiality even in the presence of chromosomally encoded cognate antitoxins when these toxins were overexpressed individually. Interestingly, when the growth media were supplemented with low levels of antibiotics that are known to activate toxins,E. colicells with no suppressor mutations grew independently of σE. Taken together, our results indicate that the activation of TA system toxins can suppress the σEessentiality and affect the extracytoplasmic stress responses.IMPORTANCEσEis an alternative σ factor involved in extracytoplasmic stress responses. Unlike other alternative σ factors, σEis indispensable for the survival ofE. colieven under unstressed conditions, although the exact reason for its essentiality remains unknown. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widely distributed in prokaryotes and are composed of two adjacent genes, encoding a toxin that exerts harmful effects on the toxin-producing bacterium itself and an antitoxin that neutralizes the cognate toxin. Curiously, it is known that inactivation of an antitoxin rescues the σEessentiality, suggesting a connection between TA systems and σEfunction. We demonstrate here that toxin activation is necessary for this rescue and suggest the possible involvement of TA systems in extracytoplasmic stress responses.

scholarly journals Rescue of W-associated mast cell defects in W/Wv bone marrow cells by ectopic expression of normal and mutant epidermal growth factor receptors

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1463-1470
Author(s):  
T von Ruden ◽  
L Stingl ◽  
A Ullrich ◽  
EF Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Epidermal Growth Factor ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Abstract The normal human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) (HERc), a chimeric EGF-R/v-erbB (HERerbB) receptor, and the ligand-independent oncogenic EGF-R variant (v-erbB) were used to correct the mast cell defects in W/Wv bone marrow (BM) cells. In culture, all three receptor molecules transduced functional mitogenic signals in infected interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and enabled their differentiation into safranin-positive mast cells resembling connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMCs). Furthermore, expression of these receptors restored the capacity of W/Wv BMMCs to colonize the peritoneal cavity of mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice where they differentiated to safranin-positive cells with similar frequencies as wild-type BMMCs. These experiments show that expression of normal and mutant EGF-Rs in W/Wv BM cells is able to complement the function of the c-kit-encoded Steel factor receptor (SLF-R) in mast cell development. We conclude that signal transduction by normal and mutant EGF-Rs in murine hematopoietic cells apparently involves components also used by the SLF-R, which suggests that these receptors use overlapping pathways for signal transduction.

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