scholarly journals Humans Discriminate Individual Large-Billed Crows by their Calls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Schalz ◽  
Thomas E. Dickins
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Pitch Contour ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Prior Training ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
High Discrimination ◽  
Animal Vocalizations ◽  
Corvus Macrorhynchos

AbstractPrevious research has shown that humans can discriminate two individual rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), as well as two individual zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) by their vocalizations. The discrimination of individual zebra finches largely relies on differences in pitch contour, although this is not the only relevant cue. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine whether humans can also discriminate two individual large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) by their calls. Discrimination was tested with a forced-choice Same-Different Paradigm. Results show a high discrimination accuracy without prior training, although the scores obtained here were lower than those in the zebra finch discrimination task. There was no significant learning trend across trials. Future studies should investigate which acoustic cues participants use for the discrimination of individual crows and expand these findings with more non-human animal vocalizations.

scholarly journals Geographical Origin Discrimination of White Rice Based on Image Pixel Size Using Hyperspectral Fluorescence Imaging Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5794
Author(s):  
Min-Jee Kim ◽  
Jongguk Lim ◽  
Sung Won Kwon ◽  
Giyoung Kim ◽  
Moon S. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
Pixel Size ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
White Rice ◽  
South Korean ◽  
High Discrimination ◽  
Rice Samples

Geographical origin discrimination of white rice is an important endeavor in preventing illegal distribution of white rice and regulating and standardizing food safety and quality assurance. The aim of this study was to develop a method for geographical origin discrimination between South Korean and Chinese rice using a hyperspectral fluorescence imaging technique and multivariate analysis. Hyperspectral fluorescence images of South Korean and Chinese rice samples were obtained in the wavelength range of 420 nm to 780 nm with intervals of 4.8 nm using 365 nm wavelength ultraviolet-A excitation light. Partial least squares discriminant analysis models were developed and applied to the acquired image to determine the geographical origins of the rice samples. In addition, various pre-processing techniques were applied to improve the discrimination accuracy. Accordingly, the pixel size of the hyperspectral image was determined. The results revealed that the optimum pixel size of the hyperspectral image that was above 7 mm × 7 mm showed a high discrimination accuracy. Moreover, the geographical origin discrimination model that applied the first-order derivative achieved a high discrimination accuracy of 98.89%. The results of this study showed that hyperspectral fluorescence imaging technology can be used to quickly and accurately discriminate the geographical origins of white rice.

Serotonin transporter genotype by environment: Studies on alcohol use and misuse in non-human and human primates

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddha Todkar ◽  
Kent Nilsson ◽  
Lars Oreland ◽  
Sheilagh Hodgins ◽  
Erika Comasco
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Polymorphic Region ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Gene By Environment Interactions ◽  
Serotonin Transporter Genotype

AbstractMuch evidence indicates that gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) play a role in alcohol misuse. It has been proposed that interactions between serotonin and stress confer vulnerability for alcohol misuse. The present review examined studies of the interaction between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype and stressful life events and alcohol-related phenotypes, in rhesus monkeys and humans. Ten studies were found that had investigated the interaction of 5-HTTLPR and various measures of stress and alcohol use or misuse, two studies of rhesus monkeys, and eight of humans. The results are contradictory. Important differences were reported in study samples, experimental designs, measures used to assess environmental variables, definitions and measurements of alcohol-related phenotypes, and in the statistical analyses. These differences may explain the contradictory results. Guidelines for future studies are suggested. Results are discussed in light of findings from molecular, non-human animal, and clinical studies. The review highlights the need for future studies examining associations of interactions between the serotonin transporter gene and environmental factors and alcohol misuse, especially in samples followed over time.

The Effects of Handedness and Dominance on Motor Task Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1237-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim A. Mouloua ◽  
Mustapha Mouloua ◽  
Daniel S. McConnell ◽  
P. A. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Hand Dominance ◽  
Prior Training ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Practical Implications

Two studies were carried out to examine the effects of user handedness and hand dominance on a motor task using Fitts’ law. Study one was designed to validate our previous findings showing differences between left- and right-handed participants who completed a mouse-pointing task using Fitts’ law. Results showed that right-handed participants were significantly faster than their left-handed peers, thereby validating our previous findings. Study two examined the effect of handedness and hand dominance on motor task performance by requiring two groups of left- and right-handed participants perform the motor task using both their dominant and non-dominant hands. Results showed a significant interaction between handedness and hand dominance on task performance. Right-handed participants were again significantly faster than their left-handed peers when both groups were using their dominant hand. However, left-handed participants were significantly faster than their right-handed peers when both groups were using their non-dominant hand. These findings might be attributed to prior training with computer mice designs that do not account for user handedness. Both theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future studies are also discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting Financial Distress of Slovak Enterprises: Comparison of Selected Traditional and Learning Algorithms Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Gregova ◽  
Katarina Valaskova ◽  
Peter Adamko ◽  
Milos Tumpach ◽  
Jaroslav Jaros
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
High Discrimination

Predicting the risk of financial distress of enterprises is an inseparable part of financial-economic analysis, helping investors and creditors reveal the performance stability of any enterprise. The acceptance of national conditions, proper use of financial predictors and statistical methods enable achieving relevant results and predicting the future development of enterprises as accurately as possible. The aim of the paper is to compare models developed by using three different methods (logistic regression, random forest and neural network models) in order to identify a model with the highest predictive accuracy of financial distress when it comes to industrial enterprises operating in the specific Slovak environment. The results indicate that all models demonstrated high discrimination accuracy and similar performance; neural network models yielded better results measured by all performance characteristics. The outputs of the comparison may contribute to the development of a reputable prediction model for industrial enterprises, which has not been developed yet in the country, which is one of the world’s largest car producers.

scholarly journals Portable Neuromonitoring Device Detects Large Vessel Occlusion in Suspected Acute Ischemic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina B. Sergot ◽  
Andrew J. Maza ◽  
Bruce J. Derrick ◽  
Lane M. Smith ◽  
Liam T. Berti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Large Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
High Discrimination ◽  
Suspected Stroke ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Background and Purpose: Early detection of large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke optimizes endovascular therapy and improves outcomes. Clinical stroke severity scales used for LVO identification have variable accuracy. We investigated a portable LVO-detection device (PLD), using electroencephalography and somatosensory-evoked potentials, to identify LVO stroke. Methods: We obtained PLD data in suspected patients with stroke enrolled prospectively via a convenience sample in 8 emergency departments within 24 hours of symptom onset. LVO discriminative signals were integrated into a binary classifier. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was documented, and 4 prehospital stroke scales were retrospectively calculated. We compared PLD and scale performance to diagnostic neuroimaging. Results: Of 109 patients, there were 25 LVO (23%), 38 non-LVO ischemic (35%), 14 hemorrhages (13%), and 32 stroke mimics (29%). The PLD had higher sensitivity (80% [95% CI, 74–85]) and similar specificity (80% [95% CI, 77–83]) to all prehospital scales at their predetermined high probability LVO thresholds. The PLD had high discrimination for LVO ( C -statistic=0.88). Conclusions: The PLD identifies LVO with superior accuracy compared with prehospital stroke scales in emergency department suspected stroke. Future studies need to validate the PLD’s potential as an LVO triage aid in prehospital undifferentiated stroke populations.

scholarly journals Individual differences in Mandarin focus production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yike Yang ◽  
Si Chen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Focus Marking ◽  
Prosodic Focus ◽  
Chinese Mandarin

This paper investigated whether and how individual speakers of Mandarin Chinese (Mandarin) mark prosodic focus (broad focus vs verb focus) differently in their production, and tested focus effects on mean F0, duration and intensity. The findings indicated the role of the three acoustic cues in Mandarin focus marking at both the group and individual levels. Meanwhile, the individual data showed great variations among speakers in terms of the extent to which the cues were employed. It is proposed that the dynamics of acoustic cues should be considered in future studies and caution should be taken when selecting stimuli for focus perception studies.

Cues for Lexical Tone Perception in Children: Acoustic Correlates and Phonetic Context Effects

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1589-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuli Tong ◽  
Catherine McBride ◽  
Denis Burnham
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Pitch Contour ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Tone Perception ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Syllable Onset ◽  
Phonetic Context ◽  
Tone Discrimination ◽  
Context Cues

Purpose The authors investigated the effects of acoustic cues (i.e., pitch height, pitch contour, and pitch onset and offset) and phonetic context cues (i.e., syllable onsets and rimes) on lexical tone perception in Cantonese-speaking children. Method Eight minimum pairs of tonal contrasts were presented in either an identical phonetic context or in different phonetic contexts (different syllable onsets and rimes). Children were instructed to engage in tone identification and tone discrimination. Results Cantonese children attended to pitch onset in perceiving similarly contoured tones and attended to pitch contour in perceiving different-contoured tones. There was a decreasing level of tone discrimination accuracy, with tone perception being easiest for same rime–different syllable onset, more difficult for different rime–same syllable onset, and most difficult for different rime–different syllable onset phonetic contexts. This pattern was observed in tonal contrasts in which the member tones had the same contour but not in ones in which the member tones had different contours. Conclusion These findings suggest that in addition to pitch contour, the pitch onset is another important acoustic cue for tone perception. The relative importance of acoustic cues for tone perception is phonetically context dependent. These findings are discussed with reference to a newly modified TRACE model for tone languages (TTRACE).

The Growth of Herpesvirus mulatto in Human Fibroblast

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
Glennelle Washington ◽  
Philip P. McGrath ◽  
Peter R. Graze ◽  
Ivor Royston
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Human Fibroblast ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leucocytes

Herpes-like viruses were isolated from rhesus monkey peripheral blood leucocytes when co-cultivated with WI-38 cells. The virus was originally designated rhesus leucocyte-associated herpesvirus (LAHV) and subsequently called Herpesvirus mulatta (HVM). The original isolations were from juvenile rhesus monkeys shown to be free of antibody to rhesus cytomegalic virus. The virus could only be propagated in human or simian fibroblasts. Use of specific antisera developed from HVM showed no relationship between this virus and other herpesviruses. An electron microscopic study was undertaken to determine the morphology of Herpesvirus mulatta (HVM) in infected human fibroblasts.

Nucleolar Segregation and Chronic Methanol Intoxication

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
Julio H. Garcia ◽  
Janice P. Van Zandt
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Repeated Administration ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Methanol Intoxication ◽  
Intragastric Tube ◽  
Nucleolar Segregation

Repeated administration of methyl alcohol to Rhesus monkeys (Maccaca mulata) by intragastric tube resulted in ultrastructural abnormalities of hepatocytes, which persisted in one animal twelve weeks after discontinuation of the methyl alcohol regime. With dosages ranging between 3.0 to 6.0 gms. of methanol per kg. of body weight, the serum levels attained within a few hours averaged approximately 475 mg. per cent.

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