scholarly journals The influence of training load on hematological Athlete Biological Passport variables in elite cyclists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astolfi Tiffany ◽  
Crettaz von Roten Fabienne ◽  
Kayser Bengt ◽  
Saugy Martial ◽  
Faiss Raphael
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Biological Passport ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Elite Cyclists ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Chronic Training

AbstractThe hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is used in elite sport for antidoping purposes. Its aim is to better target athletes for testing and to indirectly detect blood doping. The ABP allows to monitor hematological variations in athletes using selected primary blood biomarkers (hemoglobin concentration ([Hb] and reticulocyte percentage (Ret%)) with an adaptive Bayesian model to set individual upper and lower limits. If values fall without the individual limits, an athlete may be further targeted and ultimately sanctioned.Since [Hb] and Ret% vary with plasma volume (PV) fluctuations, possibly caused by training load changes, we investigated the putative influence of acute and chronic training load changes on the ABP variables.Monthly blood samples were collected over one year in 10 elite cyclists (25.6 ± 3.4 yrs, 181 ± 4 cm, 71.3 ± 4.9 kg, 6.7 ± 0.8 W.kg-1 5-min maximal power output) to calculate individual ABP profiles and monitor hematological variables. Total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and PV were additionally measured by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Acute and chronic training loads – respectively 5 and 42 days before sampling – were calculated considering duration and intensity (training stress score, TSS™).[Hb] averaged 14.2 ± 0.0 (mean ± SD) g.dL-1 (range: 13.3 to 15.5 g·dl-1) over the study with significant changes over time (P = 0.004). Hbmass was 1’030 ± 87 g (range: 842 to 1116 g) with no significant variations over time (P = 0.118), whereas PV was 4309 ± 350 mL (range: 3688 to 4751 mL) with a time-effect observed over the study time (P = 0.014). Higher acute – but not chronic – training loads were associated with significantly decreased [Hb] (P <0.001). Although individual hematological variations were observed, all ABP variables remained within the individually calculated limits.Our results support that acute training load variations significantly affect [Hb], likely due to short-term PV fluctuations, underlining the importance of considering training load when interpreting individual ABP variations for anti-doping purposes.

scholarly journals The Influence of Training Load on Hematological Athlete Biological Passport Variables in Elite Cyclists

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Astolfi ◽  
Fabienne Crettaz von Roten ◽  
Bengt Kayser ◽  
Martial Saugy ◽  
Raphael Faiss
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Biological Passport ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Elite Cyclists ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Chronic Training

The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is used in elite sport for antidoping purposes. Its aim is to better target athletes for testing and to indirectly detect blood doping. The ABP allows to monitor hematological variations in athletes using selected primary blood biomarkers [hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and reticulocyte percentage (Ret%)] with an adaptive Bayesian model to set individual upper and lower limits. If values fall outside the individual limits, an athlete may be further targeted and ultimately sanctioned. Since (Hb) varies with plasma volume (PV) fluctuations, possibly caused by training load changes, we investigated the putative influence of acute and chronic training load changes on the ABP variables. Monthly blood samples were collected over one year in 10 male elite cyclists (25.6 ± 3.4 years, 181 ± 4 cm, 71.3 ± 4.9 kg, 6.7 ± 0.8 W.kg−1 5-min maximal power output) to calculate individual ABP profiles and monitor hematological variables. Total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and PV were additionally measured by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Acute and chronic training loads–respectively 5 and 42 days before sampling–were calculated considering duration and intensity (training stress score, TSSTM). (Hb) averaged 14.2 ± 0.0 (mean ± SD) g.dL−1 (range: 13.3–15.5 g·dl−1) over the study with significant changes over time (P = 0.004). Hbmass was 1030 ± 87 g (range: 842–1116 g) with no significant variations over time (P = 0.118), whereas PV was 4309 ± 350 mL (range: 3,688–4,751 mL) with a time-effect observed over the study time (P = 0.014). Higher acute–but not chronic—training loads were associated with significantly decreased (Hb) (P &lt;0.001). Although individual hematological variations were observed, all ABP variables remained within the individually calculated limits. Our results support that acute training load variations significantly affect (Hb), likely due to short-term PV fluctuations, underlining the importance of considering training load when interpreting individual ABP variations for anti-doping purposes.

Stage racing at altitude induces hemodilution despite an increase in hemoglobin mass

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Garvican-Lewis ◽  
Yorck O. Schumacher ◽  
Sally A. Clark ◽  
Ryan Christian ◽  
Paolo Menaspà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Hemoglobin Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Plasma volume (PV) can be modulated by altitude exposure (decrease) and periods of intense exercise (increase). Cycle racing at altitude combines both stimuli, although presently no data exist to document which is dominant. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass), hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), and percent reticulocytes (%Retics) of altitude (ALT; n = 9) and sea-level (SL; n = 9) residents were measured during a 14-day cycling race, held at 1,146–4120 m, as well as during a simulated tour near sea level (SIM; n = 12). Hbmass was assessed before and on days 9 and 14 of racing. Venous blood was collected on days 0, 3, 6, 10, and 14. PV was calculated from Hbmass and [Hb]. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess the impact of racing at altitude over time, within and between groups. [Hb] decreased significantly in all groups over time ( P < 0.0001) with decreases evident on the third day of racing. %Retics increased significantly in SL only ( P < 0.0001), with SL values elevated at day 6 compared with prerace ( P = 0.02), but were suppressed by the end of the race ( P = 0.0002). Hbmass significantly increased in SL after 9 ( P = 0.0001) and 14 ( P = 0.008) days of racing and was lower at the end of the race than midrace ( P = 0.018). PV increased in all groups ( P < 0.0001). Multiday cycle racing at altitude induces hemodilution of a similar magnitude to that observed during SL racing and occurs in nonacclimatized SL residents, despite an altitude-induced increase in Hbmass. Osmotic regulatory mechanisms associated with intense exercise appear to supersede acute enhancement of oxygen delivery at altitude.

scholarly journals Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP Concurrent Validity for Cycling

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Manuel Moya Ramon ◽  
Alejandro Javaloyes Torres ◽  
Jose Manuel Sarabia
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Maximal Power Output ◽  
Road Cycling ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
Individual Training

PURPOSE:Quantification models aim to accurately reflect the magnitude of the training stress imposed to the athlete, especially in sports with high training volumes, such as road cycling. The aim of this study was to explore the concurrent validity of a new whole-body bioenergetic TRIMP model (Hayes & Quinn, 2009) correlating the obtained training load scores in road cycling with other commonly used models (the Banister TRIMP, the sRPE model and Training Stress Score (TSS)). METHOD:After three weeks of familiarization with procedures and the performed test to determine VO2max, critical power (Pcrit), anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and Maximal Power Output (Pmax), 12 well-trained road cyclists performed 8 weeks of individual training to record their individual training data (duration, heart rate, power output and rate of perceived effort (RPE)). Different Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between models and the changes in fitness. RESULTS: A very large correlation was found between Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP and RPE session (r = 0.90; p < 0.001) and TSS (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) and a moderate correlation was found with Banister’s TRIMP (r = 0.64; p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between changes in fitness and Hayes & Quinn’s TRIMP. CONCLUSION:According to these findings, Hayes & Quinn´s TRIMPis a promising mathematical model based on an individual´s bioenergetic profile that could be used to quantify training load in road cycling. This research increases our knowledge about training load models that use power output to measure intensity.

scholarly journals The Global Session Metric Score (GSMs): A Modified Session-Specific Exertional Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. Gardner ◽  
Andrew W. Scheck ◽  
John R. Cone ◽  
Nathaniel T. Berry ◽  
Laurie Wideman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Muscle Actions

Monitoring session training load to optimize the training stress that drives athlete adaptation and subsequent performance, is fundamental to periodization and programming. Analyzing the internal load experienced by the individual in response to the external load prescribed by coaching staff is crucial to avoid overtraining and optimize training adaptation. Subjective measures provide more information regarding individual training load, as heart rate measures alone do not account for collisions, eccentric muscle actions, muscle soreness, weather conditions, or accumulated training loads, which are paramount to the athlete experience. However, the current subjective metric for interpreting session training load (sRPE) is poorly shaped to the athlete's global response to the whole session, often showing poorer correlations to heart rate (HR) measures during intermittent or high-intensity activity. This study introduces a new metric, the Global Session Metric Score (GSMs), which creates a symmetrical relation between the verbal descriptor and numeric values, as well as more applicable session-specific verbal descriptors for the highest level of exertion. Twenty-four D1 male college soccer field players (age: 20.5 +/– 1.42) wore HR monitors and reported GSMs for all practices and games within an entire season. Linear regression with 10-fold cross validation was used to test the relation between GSMs with B-TRIMP and E-TRIMP, respectively. These models demonstrate good performance with consistency and reliability in the estimation of GSMs to predict both B-TRIMP (R2 = 0.75–0.77) and E-TRIMP (R2 = 0.76–0.78). The findings show promise for the GSMs index as a reliable means for measuring load in both training and matches during a high-intensity intermittent team sport. Future studies should directly compare GSMs to the existing sRPE scale within a controlled laboratory setting and across various other sports. GSMs provides coaches and clinicians a simple and cost-effective alternative to heart rate monitors, as well as a proficient measure of internal training load experienced by the individual.

On the Individual

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologist ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

A description of two cases from my time as a school psychologist in the middle of the 1950s forms the background to the following question: Has anything important happened since then in psychological research to help us to a better understanding of how and why individuals think, feel, act, and react as they do in real life and how they develop over time? The studies serve as a background for some general propositions about the nature of the phenomena that concerns us in developmental research, for a summary description of the developments in psychological research over the last 40 years as I see them, and for some suggestions about future directions.

Geographical aspects of the diffusion of passive houses

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kozma ◽  
E. Molnár ◽  
K. Czimre ◽  
J. Pénzes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Passive House ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Passive Houses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In our days, energy issues belong to the most important problems facing the Earth and the solution may be expected partly from decreasing the amount of the energy used and partly from the increased utilisation of renewable energy resources. A substantial part of energy consumption is related to buildings and includes, inter alia, the use for cooling/heating, lighting and cooking purposes. In the view of the above, special attention has been paid to minimising the energy consumption of buildings since the late 1980s. Within the framework of that, the passive house was created, a building in which the thermal comfort can be achieved solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air mass without a need for recirculated air. The aim of the paper is to study the changes in the construction of passive houses over time. In addition, the differences between the geographical locations and the observable peculiarities with regard to the individual building types are also presented.

Personality change and environmental concerns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Ted Schwaba ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
German Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

ExpanDrogram: Dynamic Visualization of Big Data Segmentation over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
A. Khalemsky ◽  
R. Gelbard
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Segmentation Process ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

In dynamic and big data environments the visualization of a segmentation process over time often does not enable the user to simultaneously track entire pieces. The key points are sometimes incomparable, and the user is limited to a static visual presentation of a certain point. The proposed visualization concept, called ExpanDrogram, is designed to support dynamic classifiers that run in a big data environment subject to changes in data characteristics. It offers a wide range of features that seek to maximize the customization of a segmentation problem. The main goal of the ExpanDrogram visualization is to improve comprehensiveness by combining both the individual and segment levels, illustrating the dynamics of the segmentation process over time, providing “version control” that enables the user to observe the history of changes, and more. The method is illustrated using different datasets, with which we demonstrate multiple segmentation parameters, as well as multiple display layers, to highlight points such as new trend detection, outlier detection, tracking changes in original segments, and zoom in/out for more/less detail. The datasets vary in size from a small one to one of more than 12 million records.

Canada’s changing innovation landscape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Razib Alam ◽  
Bonwoo Koo ◽  
Brian Paul Cozzarin
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Our objective is to study Canada’s patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate.

Yet Another Expert Opinion on Bilirubin Toxicity!

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-831
Author(s):  
LOIS JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Term Newborn ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bilirubin Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Potential ◽  
Over Time

Drs Newman and Maisels1 have provided valuable new guidelines for management of jaundice in the term newborn which take into account age at discharge from the hospital and some of the factors altering the general risk of bilirubin toxicity. They note that much of the information needed to identify the individual at risk is still unavailable and remind their readers that their "recommendations should be reevaluated periodically as new data become available." I have serious concerns, however, with the second half of their paper which almost completely downplays the toxic potential of bilirubin, its often erratic expression, and its ability to cause a spectrum of damage ranging from frank kernicterus to insults that are so minor as to be compensated for completely over time.2-4

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