Heavy load carrying and musculoskeletal health: An exploratory study of sand miners in Pokhara, Kaski District, Nepal
ABSTRACTBackgroundTrends in urbanization contribute to the growing global demand for raw construction materials. The health effects of load carrying among occupational groups that mine and carry sand and stone used for construction of roads and buildings remains poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study among a convenience sample of sand miners working at an excavation site on the Seti River in Pokhara, Nepal. Load carrying weight, duration, and frequency were used to categorize miners as having “low” or “high” load-carrying exposures. Probable musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) were identified using self-reported symptoms of moderate to severe musculoskeletal pain, as well as physical examinations.ResultsThe average loads carried by female and male sand miners weighed 66.3 kg and 87.3 kg, respectively. Among all participants (N=42), 45.2% reported moderate to severe musculoskeletal pain in at least one body region and 16 (38.1%) had probable MSDs identified using specified case criteria. The prevalence of MSDs was lower among miners carrying, on average, heavier loads compared to those carrying lighter loads (ORa=0.29; 95% CI: 0.05, 1.8), possibly indicative of the healthy worker survival effect. Miners carrying loads for longer durations and frequencies had higher odds of MSDs compared with those carrying for shorter durations and frequencies.ConclusionDespite the pervasiveness of load carrying as an income generating activity throughout the developing world, these populations remain largely excluded from global occupational health agendas. Larger epidemiologic studies are needed to justify action to protect the health and safety of these unrecognized and understudied groups.