scholarly journals Moving in on human motor cortex. Characterizing the relationship between body parts with non-rigid population Response Fields

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter Schellekens ◽  
Carlijn Bakker ◽  
Nick F. Ramsey ◽  
Natalia Petridou
Keyword(s):  
Ring Finger ◽  
Body Part ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Population Response ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractFor cortical motor activity, the relationships between different body part representations is unknown. Through reciprocal body part relationships, functionality of cortical motor areas with respect to whole body motor control can be characterized. In the current study, we investigate the relationship between body part representations within individual neuronal populations in motor cortices, following a 7 Tesla fMRI 18-body-part motor experiment in combination with our newly developed non-rigid population Response Field (pRF) model and graph theory. The non-rigid pRF metrics reveal somatotopic structures in all included motor cortices covering frontal, parietal, medial and insular cortices and that neuronal populations in primary sensorimotor cortex respond to fewer body parts than secondary motor cortices. Reciprocal body part relationships are estimated in terms of uniqueness, clique-formation, and importance. We report unique response profiles for the knee, a clique of body parts surrounding the ring finger, and a central role for the shoulder and wrist. These results reveal associations among body parts from the perspective of the central nervous system, while being in agreement with intuitive notions of body part usage.

scholarly journals Joint Pedestrian and Body Part Detection via Semantic Relationship Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhua Gu ◽  
Chuanxin Lan ◽  
Wenbai Chen ◽  
Hu Han
Keyword(s):  
Pedestrian Detection ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Semantic Relationship ◽  
The Public ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Person Search

While remarkable progress has been made to pedestrian detection in recent years, robust pedestrian detection in the wild e.g., under surveillance scenarios with occlusions, remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a novel approach for joint pedestrian and body part detection via semantic relationship learning under unconstrained scenarios. Specifically, we propose a Body Part Indexed Feature (BPIF) representation to encode the semantic relationship between individual body parts (i.e., head, head-shoulder, upper body, and whole body) and highlight per body part features, providing robustness against partial occlusions to the whole body. We also propose an Adaptive Joint Non-Maximum Suppression (AJ-NMS) to replace the original NMS algorithm widely used in object detection, leading to higher precision and recall for detecting overlapped pedestrians. Experimental results on the public-domain CUHK-SYSU Person Search Dataset show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for joint pedestrian and body part detection in the wild.

scholarly journals Visual Body Part Representation in the Lateral Occipitotemporal Cortex in Children/Adolescents and Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Okamoto ◽  
Ryo Kitada ◽  
Takanori Kochiyama ◽  
Hiroaki Naruse ◽  
Kai Makita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Occipitotemporal Cortex

Abstract The lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) that responds to human bodies and body parts has been implicated in social development and neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neuroimaging studies using a representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that body representation in the LOTC of typically developing (TD) adults is categorized into 3 clusters: action effector body parts, noneffector body parts, and face parts. However, its organization of younger people (i.e., children and adolescents) and its association with individual traits remain unclear. In this functional MRI study, TD adults and children/adolescents observed photographs of hands, feet, arms, legs, chests, waists, upper/lower faces, the whole body, and chairs. The univariate analysis showed that fewer child/adolescent participants showed left LOTC activation in response to whole-body images (relative to those of chairs) than adult participants. Contrastingly, the RSA on both age groups revealed a comparable body representation with 3 clusters of body parts in the bilateral LOTC. Hence, this result indicates that, although response to whole-body images can differ, LOTC body part representations for children/ adolescents and adults are highly similar. Furthermore, sensory atypicality is associated with spatial LOTC organization, suggesting the importance of this region for understanding individual difference, which is frequently observed in ASD.

scholarly journals Increase in flexor but not extensor corticospinal motor outputs following ischemic nerve block

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (12) ◽  
pp. 3417-3427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Maree Vallence ◽  
Geoffrey R. Hammond ◽  
Karen T. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Motor Evoked Potential ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Systematic Change ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Ischemic Nerve Block

Human motor cortex is capable of rapid and long-lasting reorganization, evident globally, as shifts in body part representations, and at the level of individual muscles as changes in corticospinal excitability. Representational shifts provide an overview of how various body parts reorganize relative to each other but do not tell us whether all muscles in a given body part reorganize in the same manner and to the same extent. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provides information about individual muscles and can therefore inform us about the uniformity of plastic changes within a body part. We used TMS to investigate changes in corticospinal excitability of forearm flexors and extensors after inflation of a tourniquet around the wrist. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes and input/output (I/O) curves were obtained from wrist flexors and extensors simultaneously before and during block. TMS was delivered to the optimal site for eliciting MEPs in flexors in experiment 1, extensors in experiment 2, and both flexors and extensors in experiment 3. In all experiments flexor MEP amplitude increased during block while extensor MEP amplitude showed no systematic change, and the slope of flexor but not extensor I/O curves increased. Flexor H-reflex amplitude normalized to maximal M wave showed negligible changes during block, suggesting that the increase in corticospinal excitability in the flexors cannot be completely explained by increased excitability at the spinal cord level. These findings show that forearm flexors and extensors differ in their potential for plastic changes, highlight the importance of investigating how experimentally induced plasticity affects anatomically close, but functionally distinct, muscle groups, and suggest that rehabilitation interventions aiming to alter cortical organization should consider the differential sensitivity of various muscle groups to plasticity processes.

How do you smile along a path?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Root Content

Abstract This paper argues that a core component of root meaning is the distinction between body parts versus the body conceived as a whole. This distinction is shown to be relevant in the acceptability of motion sentences in English with whole-body roots like $\sqrt {\textsc{dance}} $ and body-part roots like $\sqrt {\textsc{smile}} $. In keeping with the assumption that roots lack syntactic category, I argue that verbal roots occur freely in syntactic structures but that some root-structure combinations are degraded (or unacceptable), and that this is due to an incompatibility between conceptual root content and interpreted syntactic structure.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Usage of Digital Devices and Musculoskeletal Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study among University Students in Sarawak

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (09) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Wai Wai Myint ◽  
Rosalia Saimon ◽  
Nur Nazatul Nazira Abdul Majid ◽  
Mastura Binti Saripuddin ◽  
Ragavinotini A/P Rajan
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Musculoskeletal Discomfort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="0abstract">Digital devices such as mobile phone, personal computer and laptop are playing a major role in students’ life, but if overused they can bring certain impacts on the musculoskeletal system. <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the relationship between usage of digital devices and musculoskeletal symptoms among the university students. <strong>Method</strong>s: A self-administered questionnaire consist of digital devices use items and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Question (CMDQ) were administered among<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"> 363</span> 311 university students. Correlation analysis was done by using the SPSS software. <strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of study respondents was 21.6 years old (SD=1.0). A majority of respondents use mobile phone (94.9%) on a prolonged sitting position ranging from 5.0 to 7.5 hours per day. About 32% to 60% of respondents experienced musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one body part<span style="text-decoration: line-through;"> at least one on their body parts</span>, with higher prevalence on the neck, shoulder, lower back, and upper back. Females are more prone to experience musculoskeletal symptoms. Time spent on digital devices, eye-to-screen distance, body posture, and age of first use were significantly correlated with musculoskeletal symptoms. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> University students are at a higher risk to experience musculoskeletal symptoms related to the usage of a handheld digital device. If these musculoskeletal symptoms are not prevented, it may further cause dysfunction and disability. To mitigate these problems, some form of targeted health promotion initiative need to be implemented in the university.</p>

Action Recognition from Pose Signature in Static Image

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 1655010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinzhong Qian ◽  
Wenbin Chen ◽  
I-fan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Action Recognition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Static Image ◽  
Image Dataset ◽  
Part Structure

This paper addresses the problem of action recognition from body pose. Detecting body pose in static image faces great challenges because of pose variability. Our method is based on action-specific hierarchical poselet. We use hierarchical body parts each of which is represented by a set of poselets to demonstrate the pose variability of the body part. Pose signature of a body part is represented by a vector of detection responses of all poselets for the part. In order to suppress detection error and ambiguity we explore to use part-based model (PBM) as detection context. We propose a constrained optimization algorithm for detecting all poselets of each part in context of PBM, which recover neglected pose clue by global optimization. We use a PBM with hierarchical part structure, where body parts have varying granularity from whole body steadily decreasing to limb parts. From the structure we get models with different depth to study saliency of different body parts in action recognition. Pose signature of an action image is composed of pose signature of all the body parts in the PBM, which provides rich discriminate information for our task. We evaluate our algorithm on two datasets. Compared with counterpart methods, pose signature has obvious performance improvement on static image dataset. While using the model trained from static image dataset to label detected action person on video dataset, pose signature achieves state-of-the-art performance.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Relationships among Thermal Insulation, Area Factor and Air Gap of Male Chinese Ethnic Costumes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Ying Ke ◽  
Faming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Air Volume ◽  
Local Thermal Insulation ◽  
Local Thermal Comfort

The present study investigated total and local thermal insulations of 39 sets of male Chinese ethnic costumes. Total and local clothing area factor, air gap size and air volume were determined by a 3D body scanner. Relationships between thermal insulation and air gap for the whole body, as well as local body parts, were explored. Correlations of both the total and local clothing area factor with the intrinsic insulation were also developed. Results demonstrated that the clothing total thermal insulation first increased with the increasing air gap size/air volume, followed by a decrease when the air gap size/air volume exceeded 37.8 mm/55.8 dm3. Similarly, it was also found that parabolic relationships widely existed between the local thermal insulation and local air gap at each body part. Our research findings provide a comprehensive database for predicting both global and local thermal comfort of male Chinese minority groups.

scholarly journals Successful Use of Geochemical Tools to Trace the Geographic Origin of Long-Snouted Seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus Raised in Captivity

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1534
Author(s):  
Ana Elisa Cabral ◽  
Fernando Ricardo ◽  
Carla Patinha ◽  
Eduardo Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Miguel Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Endangered Fish ◽  
Hippocampus Guttulatus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Southern Portugal

The global market of dried seahorses mainly supplies Traditional Chinese Medicine and still relies on blurry trade chains that often cover less sustainable practices targeting these pricey and endangered fish. As such, reliable tools that allow the enforcement of traceability, namely to confirm the geographic origin of traded seahorses, are urgently needed. The present study evaluated the use of elemental fingerprints (EF) in the bony structures of long-snouted seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus raised in captivity in two different locations (southern Portugal and Northern Spain) to discriminate their geographic origin. The EF of different body parts of H. guttulatus were also evaluated as potential proxies for the EF of the whole body, in order to allow the analysis of damaged specimens and avoid the use of whole specimens for analysis. The contrasting EF of H. guttulatus raised in the two locations allowed their reliable discrimination. Although no single body part exactly mimicked the EF of the whole body, seahorse trunks, as well as damaged specimens, could still be correctly allocated to their geographic origin. This promising forensic approach to discriminate the geographic origin of seahorses raised in captivity should now be validated for wild conspecifics originating from different locations, as well as for other species within genus Hippocampus.

scholarly journals The contribution of stimulating multiple body parts simultaneously to the illusion of owning an entire artificial body

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie H. O’Kane ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Onset Time ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Full Body

AbstractThe full-body ownership illusion exploits multisensory perception to induce a feeling of ownership for an entire artificial body. Whilst previous research has shown that the synchronous visuotactile stimulation of a single body part is sufficient for illusory ownership over the whole body, the effect of combining multisensory stimulation across multiple body parts remains unknown. Therefore, 48 healthy adults participated in conditions of a full-body ownership illusion involving synchronous or asynchronous visuotactile stimulation to one, two or three body parts simultaneously (2 x 3 design). We developed a novel questionnaire to isolate the sense of ownership of five specific body parts (left leg, right leg, left arm, right arm, and trunk) from the full-body ownership experience and sought not only to test for greater (part and whole) body ownership in synchronous versus asynchronous stimulation, but also, potentially varying degrees of illusion intensity related to the number of body parts stimulated. As expected, illusory full-body ownership and all five body-part ownership ratings were significantly higher following synchronous stimulation (all p values ≤.01). Since non-stimulated body parts also received significantly higher ownership ratings following synchronous stimulation, the results are consistent with an illusion engaging the entire body. We further noted that ownership ratings for the right body parts (often stimulated) were significantly higher than ownership ratings for the left body parts (never stimulated). Regarding explicit feelings of full-body ownership, subjective ratings were not significantly enhanced by increasing the number of synchronously stimulated body parts (synchronicity x number stimulated interaction; p.099). Instead, median ratings indicated a moderate affirmation (+1) of full-body illusory sensation for all three synchronous conditions; a finding mirrored by full-body illusion onset time. The results support the notion that feelings of full-body ownership are mediated by a generalisation from stimulated part(s)-to-whole, supported by processes related to multisensory body perception.

scholarly journals Hand Knob Area of Motor Cortex in People with Tetraplegia Represents the Whole Body in a Modular Way

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Willett ◽  
Darrel R. Deo ◽  
Donald T. Avansino ◽  
Paymon Rezaii ◽  
Leigh Hochberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Strong Representation ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Hand Knob ◽  
Leg Movements

AbstractDecades after the motor homunculus was first proposed, it is still unknown how different body parts are intermixed and interrelated in human motor cortex at single-neuron resolution. Using microelectrode arrays, we studied how face, head, arm and leg movements on both sides of the body are represented in hand knob area of precentral gyrus in people with tetraplegia. Contrary to the traditional somatotopy, we found strong representation of all movements. Probing further, we found that ipsilateral and contralateral movements, and homologous arm and leg movements (e.g. wrist and ankle), had a correlated representation. Additionally, there were neural dimensions where the limb was represented independently of the movement. Together, these patterns formed a “modular” code that might facilitate skill transfer across limbs. We also investigated dual-effector movement, finding that more strongly represented effectors suppressed the activity of weaker effectors. Finally, we leveraged these results to improve discrete brain-computer interfaces by spreading targets across all limbs.

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