scholarly journals Influence of spatial arrangement, biofertilizers and bioirrigation on the performance of legume – millet intercropping system in rainfed areas of southern India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Singh ◽  
Natarajan Mathimaran ◽  
Jegan Sekar ◽  
Prabavathy Vaiyapuri Ramalingam ◽  
Yuvaraj Perisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Kolli Hills ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Neighbouring Plant

AbstractIn this study, we checked the potential of bioirrigation – defined as a process of hydraulic lift where transfer of water occurs from deep soil layers to top soil layers through plant roots. We tested this in a pigeon pea (PP) – finger millet (FM) intercropping system in a field study for two consecutive growing seasons (2016/17 and 2017/18) at two contrasting sites in Bengaluru and Kolli Hills, India. Our objective was also to optimize the spatial arrangement of the intercropped plants (2 PP:8 FM), using either a row-wise or a mosaic design. The field trial results clearly showed that spatial arrangement of component plants affected the yield in an intercropping system. The row-wise intercropping was more effective than mosaic treatments at the Bengaluru field site, while at Kolli Hills, both row-wise and mosaic treatment performed equally. Importantly, biofertilizer application enhanced the yield of intercropping and monoculture treatments. This effect was not influenced by the spatial arrangement of component plants and by the location of the field experiment. The yield advantage in intercropping was mainly due to the release of PP from interspecific competition. Despite a yield increase in intercropping treatments, we did not see a positive effect of intercropping or biofertilizer on water relations of FM, this further explains why PP dominated the competitive interaction, which resulted in yield advantage in intercropping. FM in intercropping had significantly lower leaf water potentials than in monoculture, likely due to strong interspecific competition for soil moisture in intercropping treatments. Our study indicates that identity plant species and spatial arrangement/density of neighbouring plant is essential for designing a bioirrigation based intercropping system.

scholarly journals Spatial Arrangement and Biofertilizers Enhance the Performance of Legume—Millet Intercropping System in Rainfed Areas of Southern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Singh ◽  
Natarajan Mathimaran ◽  
Jegan Sekar ◽  
Prabavathy Vaiyapuri Ramalingam ◽  
Yuvaraj Perisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Kolli Hills

Intercropping is a well-established practice to enhance the yield in low-input agriculture, and beneficial microbes such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) combined with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are being used as an effective and sustainable measure to improve yields. In this study, we tested if biofertilizers can not only enhance the yield of crops in monoculture as has previously been demonstrated but can also enhance the yield of intercropping systems. We hypothesized that because AMF can form common mycorrhizal networks (CMN) that can transfer nutrients and water between different plant species, biofertilization can balance belowground competition between crop species and promote thus overall yields in intercropping systems. In our study, we used a pigeon pea (PP)—finger millet (FM) intercropping system that we grew for two consecutive growing seasons (2016/17 and 2017/18) at two contrasting sites in Bengaluru and Kolli Hills, India. We also tested if the spatial arrangement (i.e., different arrangement of component plants with similar plant density in intercropping system) of intercropped plants, using either a row-wise or a mosaic design, influences the effect of biofertilizers on yield and water relations of the PP-FM intercropping system. Our results demonstrate that intercropping can improve the straw and grain yield of PP and FM compared to the respective monocultures and that intercropping effects vary depending on the site characteristic such as climate and soil type. The spatial arrangement of component plants affected the total, straw, and grain biomass in intercropping treatments, but this effect also varied across sites. Most importantly, the results from the 2017/18 growing season clearly demonstrated a positive effect of biofertilizer on biomass yield, and this effect was irrespective of site, spatial arrangement, mixed or monoculture. Our study therefore shows that yield increase in intercropping systems can further be improved through the application of biofertilizers.

scholarly journals Soil water potential determines the presence of hydraulic lift of Populus euphratica Olivier across growing seasons in an arid desert region

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
Wang Fei ◽  
Xu Yilu ◽  
Yang Xiaodong ◽  
Liu Yanju ◽  
Lv Guang-Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Arid Desert

Hydraulic lift (HL) of deep-rooted plants is a water adaptation phenomenon to extreme drought conditions which would subsequently improve the survival of shallow-rooted plants in an arid desert area. There is an ongoing debate on whether the difference in water potential between plant roots and soils determine the presence of HL, thus considerable research efforts are needed to improve our understanding. In this study, we used the Ryel model and comparative analysis to determine the changes in soil water potential (SWP), the soil layer of obtaining water from plant roots (SLOW), the amount water released from plant roots into soils, and the total amount of release water of HL (H<sub>T</sub>) of five stratified soil layers at different depths (i.e. 0–10, 10–40, 40–70, 70–100 and 100–150 cm) across plant growing season (i.e. June, August and October). The results showed that SLOW always appeared in the lowest SWP soil layer, and that lowest SWP differed among soil layers. The lowest SWP soil layer and SLOW shifted from shallow to deep soil layers across the growing seasons. Additionally, H<sub>T</sub> decreased across the growing seasons. Fine root biomass decreased in shallow whereas increased in deep soil layers across growing seasons. Our results proved the water potential difference among soil layers determined the presence of HL in an arid desert region. The changes in water potential difference among soil layers might shift the lowest SWP soil layer from shallow to deep soil layers, and as a consequent decrease H<sub>T</sub> across plant growing seasons.

Differential effects of wetting and drying on soil CO2 concentration and flux in near-surface vs. deep soil layers

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungjin Min ◽  
Asmeret Asefaw Berhe ◽  
Chau Minh Khoi ◽  
Hella van Asperen ◽  
Jeroen Gillabel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Soil Co2 Concentration

Applications of the herbicide sethoxydim increase wheat yield in the absence of weeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
ID Black ◽  
CB Dyson ◽  
AR Fischle
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Area North

In 11 experiments over 6 seasons the herbicide sethoxydim was applied to Machete, Spear and Blade wheat cultivars in the absence or near absence of weeds (10 sites) or where the weeds were controlled by selective herbicides (1 site), in the cropping area north of Adelaide, South Australia. The rates applied included 9-47 g a.i./ha at the 2-3 leaf growth stage and 9-74 g a.i./ha at early tillering. Except for the very long growing season of 1992, there was a highly significant positive linear correlation between the number of degree days in the growing season at each experimental site and relative mean yield increase of these sethoxydim treatments. Yield increases ranged from nil in growing seasons of about 1000 degree days to 32% in a growing season of 1480 degree days, with a median of 8% over the experiments.

scholarly journals Variations of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types and influencing factors in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3309-3323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuening Fang ◽  
Wenwu Zhao ◽  
Lixin Wang ◽  
Qiang Feng ◽  
Jingyi Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Management Measures

Abstract. Soil moisture in deep soil layers is a relatively stable water resource for vegetation growth in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Characterizing the variations in deep soil moisture and its influencing factors at a moderate watershed scale is important to ensure the sustainability of vegetation restoration efforts. In this study, we focus on analyzing the variations and factors that influence the deep soil moisture (DSM) in 80–500 cm soil layers based on a soil moisture survey of the Ansai watershed in Yan'an in Shanxi Province. Our results can be divided into four main findings. (1) At the watershed scale, higher variations in the DSM occurred at 120–140 and 480–500 cm in the vertical direction. At the comparable depths, the variation in the DSM under native vegetation was much lower than that in human-managed vegetation and introduced vegetation. (2) The DSM in native vegetation and human-managed vegetation was significantly higher than that in introduced vegetation, and different degrees of soil desiccation occurred under all the introduced vegetation types. Caragana korshinskii and black locust caused the most serious desiccation. (3) Taking the DSM conditions of native vegetation as a reference, the DSM in this watershed could be divided into three layers: (i) a rainfall transpiration layer (80–220 cm); (ii) a transition layer (220–400 cm); and (iii) a stable layer (400–500 cm). (4) The factors influencing DSM at the watershed scale varied with vegetation types. The main local controls of the DSM variations were the soil particle composition and mean annual rainfall; human agricultural management measures can alter the soil bulk density, which contributes to higher DSM in farmland and apple orchards. The plant growth conditions, planting density, and litter water holding capacity of introduced vegetation showed significant relationships with the DSM. The results of this study are of practical significance for vegetation restoration strategies, especially for the choice of vegetation types, planting zones, and proper human management measures.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pigeon Pea Lines for Biological Soil Decompaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Godoy ◽  
Osny Oliveira Santos Bacchi ◽  
Fernando Almeida Moreira ◽  
Klaus Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Cultivation Practices ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

Soil decompaction is generally achieved through mechanical cultivation practices; however biological processes can significantly add to this process through root growth, development, and later senescence. This study was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil and had the purpose of selecting, among forty one pure pigeon pea lines, the most efficient genotypes that promote soil decompaction by roots penetrating compacted soil layers. Utilizing artificially compacted 30 mm high soil blocks, in a series of experiments, these lines were compared to the cultivar Fava Larga taken as a standard. Three lines were preliminarily selected out of the initial group, and afterwards, in more detailed screenings by monitoring soil resistance to penetration and also evaluating the behavior of Tanzania grass plants seeded after pigeon pea, two of them, g5-94 and g8-95, were selected as possessing the most fit root system to penetrate compacted soil layers.

scholarly journals APLICAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO COMPLEMENTAR VIA FOLIAR NA CULTURA DO MILHO SUBMETIDO AO DESPENDOAMENTO

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
CRIZ RENÊ ZANOVELLO ◽  
FABIANO PACENTCHUK ◽  
JAQUELINE HUZAR-NOVAKOWISKI ◽  
GUILHERME ZAMBONIN ◽  
ANTHONY HASEGAWA SANDINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Negative Effect

RESUMO – O milho é uma planta monoica, e a geração de novos híbridos exige a remoção do pendão das plantas.Sabe-se que a remoção do pendão possui efeito negativo na produtividade da cultura. Contudo, a aplicação de Ncomplementar, via foliar, poderia minimizar essas perdas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como o Ncomplementar afeta a produtividade e os componentes de rendimento da cultura do milho submetida ao despendoamento.O estudo foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 5, sendo duas safras(2014/15 e 2015/16), três momentos de despendoamento (sem despondoamento, arranquio de 2-3 folhas e arranquiode 4-5 folhas antes do pendoamento) e cinco doses de N complementar (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 L ha-1) aplicadas no estádio depré-pendoamento (VT). Não foi verificada interação N complementar X despendoamento para nenhuma das variáveisestudadas. A menor produtividade foi verificada no despendoamento de 4-5 folhas. A aplicação de N complementaraumentou a produtividade da cultura do milho, e a aplicação de 11,5 L ha-1 incrementou a produtividade em 448 kgha-1. O despendoamento diminuiu a produtividade da cultura do milho, quanto mais precoce o despendoamento, maisnegativo é o efeito na produtividade.Palavras-chave: Melhoramento genético, N complementar, pendoamento, produção de sementes, Zea mays.FOLIAR APPLICATION OF COMPLEMENTARY NITROGEN,IN MAIZE SUBJECTED TO DETASSELINGABSTRACT – Maize is a monoic plant and the generation of new hybrids requires the removal of the tassel from theplants, which has a negative effect on crop yield. However, the use of complementary leaf nitrogen (N) fertilization,could minimize the yield losses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect os the application ofcomplementary N affects on yield of the maize crop subjected to detasseling. The study was carried out in a randomizedcomplete block design, with a 2 x 3 x 5 factorial scheme and four replications. Two growing seasons (2014/15 and2015/16), three detasseling moments (without detasseling, detasseling of 2-3 leaves, and detasseling of 4-5 leaves)and five doses of complementary N (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 L ha-1) applied at the VT stage. There was no interaction betweencomplementary N and detasseling for any of the variables studied. The lowest yield was verified with the detasselingof 4-5 leaves. The application of complementary N showed a positive effect on maize yield, and the application of 11.5L ha-1 of complementary N provided yield increase of 448 kg ha-1. The detasseling technique had negative effects onmaize crop yield, the earlier is the detasseling, the more negative is the effect on yield.Keywords: Genetic improvement, Seed production, tasseling, Zea mays.

Soil contents and stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Finnish farmland and feedbacks on management patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sichu Wang ◽  
Oona Uhlgren ◽  
Anna-Reetta Salonen ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
C:N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C

&lt;p&gt;The coupled cycles and interactions of soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) are fundamental for soil quality and soil organic matter (SOM) formation. Low C:N ratios through nitrogenous fertilizer addition may accelerate SOM cycling and promote C mineralization in soil, whereas P limitations may decline C storage by reducing plant and microbial biomass production. Deeper soil layers&amp;#8217; C-N-P stoichiometry has an important role in regulating SOM formation in subsoils. However, there is little information on soil C:N:P stoichiometry in deep soil layers of farmland. In this study, soil columns up to one meter were collected from 32 farms distributing across Finland with different soil texture and agricultural management history. The one-meter soil columns were cut into 10 cm deep slices and analyzed for the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) by dry combustion method and total phosphorus (TP) contents by aqua regia digestion and ICP-OES method. Overall, the TOC, TN and TP contents all dropped sharply in 30-40 cm soil layers, but TP contents rose again in deep soil. The role of agricultural management practice (including crop rotation, crop cover, crop diversity and fertilization) on soil C:N:P stoichiometry as well as organic matter accumulation in the deep soil layers were explored. The preliminary results will be presented in the poster. The data deepens our understanding of soil C, N and P coupling and interaction related to soil C sequestration.&lt;/p&gt;

Competition betweenElymus elymoidesandTaeniatherum caput-medusae

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Clausnitzer ◽  
Michael M. Borman ◽  
Douglas E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Two field experiments were conducted from 1993–1994 through 1995–1996 growing seasons in Harney County, OR, to determine the relative competitive abilities ofElymus elymoides(squirreltail) a native perennial range grass, andTaeniatherum caput-medusae(medusahead), an exotic annual grass weed. The 1993–1994 growing season was very dry, 1994–1995 was dry, and 1995–1996 was wetter than average. One experiment tested seedlings vs. seedlings in each of three seasons. The second experiment tested seedlings plus second- and third-year establishedE. elymoidesplants vs. 77caput-medusaeover 2 yr. Biomass, seed production, and soil moisture utilization 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm deep by the two species were measured. A randomized block design with factorial arrangement was used, with 25 2.25-m2plots per block. Initial seeding densities of each species were 0, 10, 74, 550, and 4,074 seeds m−2in all combinations of density. In the seedling vs. seedling experiment, intraspecific competition by 77caput-medusaeon itself was always significant (P ≤ 0.10) for both biomass and seed production. Interspecific competition byE. elymoidesseedlings onT. caput-medusaebiomass and seed production was not significant (P ≥ 0.10) in 2 of 3 yr and was always less than intraspecific competition by 77caput-medusae. Only 0.4% ofE. elymoidesseed germinated, and no seed was produced in the very dry first year, but 84% of remaining seed was viable for the next year, which had better moisture conditions for germination and establishment. Interspecific competition affected (P ≤ 0.10)E. elymoidesseedling biomass and seed production throughout the study. Intraspecific competition affected (P ≤ 0.10) seedlingE. elymoidesseed production in the dry year but not in the wetter than average year. In the matureE. elymoidesexperiment, intraspecific competition byT. caput-medusaeon weight and seed production per plant was greater than interspecific competition fromE. elymoides. Seedling/matureE. elymoidesreducedT. caput-medusaeweight per plant in the dry year but the effect was not biologically significant. Larger, matureEelymoidesplants produced 600 to 3,000 seeds per plant during the wet year; neither intra- nor interspecific competition was a factor.Taeniatherum caput-medusaewas better able to access deeper soil moisture and was more aggressive at extracting soil moisture than wereE. elymoidesseedlings in the wet year. Cold soils and low oxygen due to wet soils may have restrictedE. elymoidesseedling root activity. MatureE. elymoidesplants did not appear restricted by cold soils or low oxygen. Established second- and third-yearE. elymoidesplants were able to compete for soil moisture down to 45 cm. The generally greater interspecific competitive effects ofT. caput-medusaeonE. elymoidesthan vice versa suggested that it will be difficult to establish anE. elymoidesstand in an existingT. caput-medusaecommunity without first suppressingT. caput-medusae. IndividualE. elymoidesplants did establish and were productive with and withoutT. caput-medusaecompetition.

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