scholarly journals Soil water potential determines the presence of hydraulic lift of Populus euphratica Olivier across growing seasons in an arid desert region

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
Wang Fei ◽  
Xu Yilu ◽  
Yang Xiaodong ◽  
Liu Yanju ◽  
Lv Guang-Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Desert Region ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Arid Desert

Hydraulic lift (HL) of deep-rooted plants is a water adaptation phenomenon to extreme drought conditions which would subsequently improve the survival of shallow-rooted plants in an arid desert area. There is an ongoing debate on whether the difference in water potential between plant roots and soils determine the presence of HL, thus considerable research efforts are needed to improve our understanding. In this study, we used the Ryel model and comparative analysis to determine the changes in soil water potential (SWP), the soil layer of obtaining water from plant roots (SLOW), the amount water released from plant roots into soils, and the total amount of release water of HL (H<sub>T</sub>) of five stratified soil layers at different depths (i.e. 0–10, 10–40, 40–70, 70–100 and 100–150 cm) across plant growing season (i.e. June, August and October). The results showed that SLOW always appeared in the lowest SWP soil layer, and that lowest SWP differed among soil layers. The lowest SWP soil layer and SLOW shifted from shallow to deep soil layers across the growing seasons. Additionally, H<sub>T</sub> decreased across the growing seasons. Fine root biomass decreased in shallow whereas increased in deep soil layers across growing seasons. Our results proved the water potential difference among soil layers determined the presence of HL in an arid desert region. The changes in water potential difference among soil layers might shift the lowest SWP soil layer from shallow to deep soil layers, and as a consequent decrease H<sub>T</sub> across plant growing seasons.

scholarly journals Influence of spatial arrangement, biofertilizers and bioirrigation on the performance of legume – millet intercropping system in rainfed areas of southern India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devesh Singh ◽  
Natarajan Mathimaran ◽  
Jegan Sekar ◽  
Prabavathy Vaiyapuri Ramalingam ◽  
Yuvaraj Perisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Hydraulic Lift ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Kolli Hills ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Neighbouring Plant

AbstractIn this study, we checked the potential of bioirrigation – defined as a process of hydraulic lift where transfer of water occurs from deep soil layers to top soil layers through plant roots. We tested this in a pigeon pea (PP) – finger millet (FM) intercropping system in a field study for two consecutive growing seasons (2016/17 and 2017/18) at two contrasting sites in Bengaluru and Kolli Hills, India. Our objective was also to optimize the spatial arrangement of the intercropped plants (2 PP:8 FM), using either a row-wise or a mosaic design. The field trial results clearly showed that spatial arrangement of component plants affected the yield in an intercropping system. The row-wise intercropping was more effective than mosaic treatments at the Bengaluru field site, while at Kolli Hills, both row-wise and mosaic treatment performed equally. Importantly, biofertilizer application enhanced the yield of intercropping and monoculture treatments. This effect was not influenced by the spatial arrangement of component plants and by the location of the field experiment. The yield advantage in intercropping was mainly due to the release of PP from interspecific competition. Despite a yield increase in intercropping treatments, we did not see a positive effect of intercropping or biofertilizer on water relations of FM, this further explains why PP dominated the competitive interaction, which resulted in yield advantage in intercropping. FM in intercropping had significantly lower leaf water potentials than in monoculture, likely due to strong interspecific competition for soil moisture in intercropping treatments. Our study indicates that identity plant species and spatial arrangement/density of neighbouring plant is essential for designing a bioirrigation based intercropping system.

The influence of shade and clouds on soil water potential: The buffered behavior of hydraulic lift

1993 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberlyn Williams ◽  
Martyn M. Caldwell ◽  
James H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Hydraulic Lift

scholarly journals The Vertical Differences in the Change Rates and Controlling Factors of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen along Vegetation Restoration in a Subtropical Area of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6443
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Cao ◽  
Xi Fang ◽  
Wenhua Xiang ◽  
Pifeng Lei ◽  
Changhui Peng
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers

The study was to investigate the change patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and soil C/N (C/N) in each soil sublayer along vegetation restoration in subtropical China. We collected soil samples in four typical plant communities along a restoration chronosequence. The soil physicochemical properties, fine root, and litter biomass were measured. Our results showed the proportion of SOC stocks (Cs) and TN stocks (Ns) in 20–30 and 30–40 cm soil layers increased, whereas that in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers decreased. Different but well-constrained C/N was found among four restoration stages in each soil sublayer. The effect of soil factors was greater on the deep soil than the surface soil, while the effect of vegetation factors was just the opposite. Our study indicated that vegetation restoration promoted the uniform distribution of SOC and TN on the soil profile. The C/N was relatively stable along vegetation restoration in each soil layer. The accumulation of SOC and TN in the surface soil layer was controlled more by vegetation factors, while that in the lower layer was controlled by both vegetation factors and soil factors.

On-farm assessment of environmental and management factors influencing wheat grain quality in the Mallee

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Sadras ◽  
David Roget ◽  
Garry O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Management Factors ◽  
Ontogenetic Drift

We used data from 63 grower-managed wheat crops during 3 growing seasons in the Mallee to explore grain protein responses to environmental and management factors. Allometric coefficients were calculated as the slope of the regression between the mass of log-transformed protein and non-protein grain components to account for the effect of ontogenetic drift on grain protein concentration. Test weight and screenings were also investigated. Grain protein concentration ranged from 8.7 to 16.2%; 90% of crops had less than 5% screenings, and 95% had test weight above 74 kg/hL. Screenings increased and test weight declined with increasing concentration of protein, particularly for protein concentration above 13%. Fourteen cultivars were represented in the sampled crops. In comparison with crops of varieties eligible as Australian Premium White, crops of hard wheats had greater protein content, more screenings, lower test weight, and a greater protein : non-protein allometric coefficient, indicating differences in the pattern of protein allocation between these groups of cultivars. Protein concentration declined with increasing yield at a rate �1%/t.ha. It decreased with increasing seasonal rainfall at a rate of 0.014%/mm, and increased with the proportion of water stored below 0.5 m at a rate of 0.121%/%. Delayed sowing between mid April and mid July generated a size-dependent increase in grain protein concentration of 0.027%/day. Increasing protein content could attenuate the profit lost due to delayed sowing by up to AU$39/ha in hard wheats. Wheat grown after legumes accumulated 64% more protein and 47% more non-protein material in the grain than their counterparts grown after cereal, and grain protein concentrations averaged 13.3 and 12.2% respectively. Protein concentration was unrelated to the amount of nitrogen in the whole soil profile (0-1 m), and weakly associated with the amount of initial nitrogen in the 0-0.1 m soil layer; it increased at a rate of 0.038%/kg N.ha. Chemical constraints in the subsoil probably affected the ability of the crop to use, and contributed to the accumulation of nitrogen in deep soil layers.

scholarly journals The Use Of Pb-210 Isotope As An Indicator Of Pollutants’ Migration In The Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dołhańczuk-Śródka
Keyword(s):  
Lead Isotope ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Particulate Matter Emission ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Increased Activity

Abstract Radioactive isotopes, both natural and artificial, present in the environment, may be convenient indicators that can be used to study many physical and chemical processes as well as the transport of pollutants in the ecosystem. The studies have shown that in identification of particulate matter emission sources a radioactive lead isotope (Pb-210) can be used. The Pb-210 increased activity concentration in the top soil layers suggests its current atmospheric deposition. This conclusion is confirmed by the results of the Principal Components Analysis, conducted using the measured radionuclide content in 0-30 cm deep soil layer samples.

scholarly journals Deep soil C and N pools in long-term fenced and overgrazed temperate grasslands in northwest China

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Ping Li ◽  
Hong-Bin Ma ◽  
Ying-Zhong Xie ◽  
Kai-Bo Wang ◽  
Kai-Yang Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Temperate Grasslands ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fencing for grazing exclusion has been widely found to have an impact on grassland soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), but little is known about the impact of fenced grassland on the changes in deep soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in temperate grasslands. We studied the influence of 30 years fencing on vegetation and deep soil characteristics (0–500 cm) in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. The results showed that fencing significantly increased the aboveground biomass (AGB), litter biomass (LB), total biomass, vegetation coverage and height, and soil water content and the SOC and TN in the deep soil. The belowground biomass (BGB) did not significantly differ between the fenced and grazed grassland. However, fencing significantly decreased the root/shoot ratio, forbs biomass, pH, and soil bulk density. Meanwhile, fencing has significantly increased the C and N stocks in the AGB and LB but not in the BGB. After 30 years of fencing, the C and N stocks significantly increased in the 0–500 cm soil layer. The accumulation of SOC mainly occurred in the deep layers (30–180 cm), and the accumulation of TN occurred in the soil layers of 0 to 60 cm and 160 to 500 cm. Our results indicate that fencing is an effective way to improve deep soil C and N stocks in temperate grassland of northwest China. There were large C and N stocks in the soil layers of 100 to 500 cm in the fenced grasslands, and their dynamics should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Water potential characteristics and yield of summer maize in different planting patterns

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Quanqi ◽  
C. Yuhai ◽  
L. Mengyu ◽  
Z. Xunbo ◽  
D. Baodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
North China ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Transfer Resistance

A study was conducted in the Shandong province in North China to investigate the effects of different planting patterns on water potential characteristics of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) and yield of summer maize. Three planting patterns were applied, i.e. bed planting (BE), furrow planting (FU) and flat planting (FL). The results showed that although soil moisture content in 0–20 cm soil layer in BE was decreased, soil temperature was increased; as a result, soil water potential in BE was increased. Compared with FL, leaf water potential in BE and FU was enhanced, but water transfer resistance between soil-leaf and leaf-atmosphere was decreased; feasible water supply conditions were thus created for crops colony. Maize yield of BE and FU was significantly (LSD, <I>P</I> < 0.05) higher than that of FL, by 1326.45 and 1243.76 kg/ha, respectively. These results obtained in field crop conditions support the idea that planting patterns affect soil water potential, leaf water potential, water transfer resistance between soil-leaf and leaf-gas of summer maize in North China.

scholarly journals Storage of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Spatial Variability in an Agro-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2259
Author(s):  
Yanjiang Zhang ◽  
Qing Zhen ◽  
Pengfei Li ◽  
Yongxing Cui ◽  
Junwei Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for the development of ecosystem carbon cycle models and assessment of soil quality. In this study, a total of 732 soil samples from 122 soil profiles (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm) were collected by a combination of fixed-point sampling and route surveys in an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China and the spatial variation of the SOC in the samples was analyzed through classical statistical and geostatistical approaches. The results showed that the SOC contents decreased from 4.31 g/kg in the 0–10 cm to 1.57 g/kg in the 80–100 cm soil layer. The spatial heterogeneity of the SOC exhibited moderate and strong dependence for all the soil layers owing to random and structural factors including soil texture, topography, and human activities. The spatial distributions of the SOC increased gradually from northeast to southwest in the 0–40 cm soil layers, but there was no general trend in deep soil layers and different interpolation methods resulted in the inconsistent spatial distribution of SOC. The storage of SOC was expected to be 25 Tg in the 0–100 cm soil depths for the whole area of 7692 km2. The SOC stocks estimated by two interpolation approaches were very close (25.65 vs. 25.86 Tg), but the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation generated a more detailed map of SOC and with higher determination coefficient (R2); therefore, the IDW was recognized as an appropriate method to investigate the spatial variability of SOC in this region.

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