scholarly journals Genomic basis of drought resistance in Fagus sylvatica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Pfenninger ◽  
Friederike Reuss ◽  
Angelika Kiebler ◽  
Philipp Schönnenbeck ◽  
Cosima Caliendo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Genomic Basis

AbstractIn the course of global climate change, central Europe is experiencing more frequent and prolonged periods of drought. These drought events have severe and detrimental impacts on the forest ecosystem. The drought years 2018 and 2019 affected European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) in noticeably different ways: even in the same local stand, badly drought damaged trees immediately neighboured apparently healthy trees. This led to the hypothesis that the genotype rather than the environment was responsible for this conspicuous pattern. We used this natural experiment to study the genomic basis of drought resistance in a Pool-GWAS approach. Contrasting the extreme phenotypes, we identified 106 significantly associated SNPs throughout the genome. The majority of affected genes was previously implicated in drought reaction in other plant species. Most observed non-synonymous changes led either to a substantial functional amino acid exchange or a stop-codon. A SNP-assay with 70 informative loci allowed the successful prediction of drought phenotype from the multilocus genotype in 98.6% in a validation sample of 92 trees with Linear Discriminant Analysis. Drought resistance in European beech appeared to be a moderately polygenic trait that should nevertheless respond well to natural selection, selective management, and breeding. The widespread distribution of drought resistance across natural beech populations represents an important argument for maintaining genetic diversity in dynamic forest ecosystems. The results from this study could therefore contribute to harness beech wood forests against ongoing climate change.

scholarly journals Genomic basis for drought resistance in European beech forests threatened by climate change

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Pfenninger ◽  
Friederike Reuss ◽  
Angelika KIebler ◽  
Philipp Schönnenbeck ◽  
Cosima Caliendo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Amino Acid Exchange ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Extreme Phenotypes ◽  
Genomic Basis ◽  
Acid Exchange

In the course of global climate change, central Europe is experiencing more frequent and prolonged periods of drought. The drought years 2018 and 2019 affected European beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) differently: even in the same stand, drought damaged trees neighboured healthy trees, suggesting that the genotype rather than the environment was responsible for this conspicuous pattern. We used this natural experiment to study the genomic basis of drought resistance with Pool-GWAS. Contrasting the extreme phenotypes identified 106 significantly associated SNPs throughout the genome. Most annotated genes with associated SNPs (>70%) were previously implicated in the drought reaction of plants. Non-synonymous substitutions led either to a functional amino acid exchange or premature termination. A SNP-assay with 70 loci allowed predicting drought phenotype in 98.6% of a validation sample of 92 trees. Drought resistance in European beech is a moderately polygenic trait that should respond well to natural selection, selective management, and breeding.

scholarly journals From Visual Grading and Dynamic Modulus of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Logs to Tensile Strength of Boards

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Mitja Plos ◽  
Barbara Fortuna ◽  
Tamara Šuligoj ◽  
Goran Turk
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Stiffness Properties ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Non Destructive

The aim of the present paper is to assess the non-destructive indicating properties of Slovenian beech (Fagus sylvatica) logs and correlate them with the mechanical properties of the final product, which is boards. Beech logs were visually graded according to the standard procedure and vibrational frequencies were measured. Logs were further on sawn into boards which were also non-destructively tested in wet and dry conditions. Finally, the boards were experimentally tested in tension. Special focus was directed towards visual parameters of the beech logs and their influence on the overall quality of the output material. The longitudinal natural frequencies of the logs were studied as potential indicating properties. The results showed that a majority of the visual log grading parameters do not result in good quality timber in terms of strength and stiffness properties, and only few are decisive for the final classification. The coefficient of determination of the static MOE vs. dynamic MOE of logs was r2=0.13, whereas vs. the MOE of wet boards was r2=0.49. Using a few visual characteristics in combination with dynamic measurements of logs and of wet boards could help to increase the yield of high quality beech wood.

scholarly journals Projected effects of climate change on the carbon stocks of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Zala County, Hungary

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Somogyi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Recent studies suggest that climate change will lead to the local extinction of many tree species from large areas during this century, affecting the functioning and ecosystem services of many forests. This study reports on projected carbon losses due to the assumed local climate change-driven extinction of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from Zala County, South-Western Hungary, where the species grows at the xeric limit of its distribution. The losses were calculated as a difference between carbon stocks in climate change scenarios assuming an exponentially increasing forest decline over time, and those in a baseline scenario assuming no climate change. In the climate change scenarios, three different sets of forest management adaptation measures were studied: (1) only harvesting damaged stands, (2) additionally salvaging dead trees that died due to climate change, and (3) replacing, at an increasing rate over time, beech with sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matt. Lieb.) after final harvest. Projections were made using the open access carbon accounting model CASMOFOR based on modeling or assuming effects of climate change on mortality, tree growth, root-to-shoot ratio and decomposition rates. Results demonstrate that, if beech disappears from the region as projected by the end of the century, over 80% of above-ground biomass carbon, and over 60% of the carbon stocks of all pools (excluding soils) of the forests will be lost by 2100. Such emission rates on large areas may have a discernible positive feedback on climate change, and can only partially be offset by the forest management adaptation measures.

scholarly journals Resilience of European beech forests (Fagus sylvatica L.) after fire in a global change context

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Maringer ◽  
Marco Conedera ◽  
Davide Ascoli ◽  
Dirk R. Schmatz ◽  
Thomas Wohlgemuth
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Burn Severity ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most ecologically and economically important tree species in Europe. Nonetheless, post-fire ecological processes in beech forests have only been marginally studied although they might become more important for forest management in the light of global climate change drought effects. Focusing on the Southern European Alps, where numerous forest fires have affected beech stands, we assessed temporal trends and detected factors that influence beech regeneration in beech forests burnt between 1970 and 2012. Beech regeneration was found to occur abundantly in fire sites of mixed burn severity, and often co-occurred with light-demanding pioneer trees (mostly Betula pendula Roth). These pioneers declined in abundance from 20 years post-fire onwards, whereas beech dominance increased. Beech regeneration density was best explained in regression models by the canopy of remnant trees and the abundance of competing ground vegetation. As fire-injured beech trees slowly die back, the canopy gradually opens, favouring beech recruitment for as long as decades, depending on the light conditions. In contrast, dense layers of early post-fire colonisers may delay beech regeneration for many years. Generally, single fire events favour beech regeneration except in areas where the burn severity is extraordinarily high.

scholarly journals GC-MS and SPME Techniques Highlighted Contrasting Chemical Behaviour in the Water Extractives of Modified Castanea sativa Mill. and Fagus sylvatica L. Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Marisabel Mecca ◽  
Luigi Todaro ◽  
Valentina Lo Giudice ◽  
Teresa Lovaglio ◽  
Maurizio D’Auria
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

The sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) are wood species largely present in the European forest area. The composition and relative variation of the secondary metabolites of chestnut and European beech wood under thermal effect is a little-explored area. The wood material was thermally modified at 170 °C for 3 h using a thermo-vacuum technology. Raw and modified wood extracts were obtained with aqueous extraction techniques in an autoclave, subsequently lyophilized, solubilized in ethyl acetate, and determined by Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analyses (GC-MS). In addition, the volatile compounds were determined by Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) analyses. As a general statement, the extraction in an autoclave produced a higher number of compounds in the modified chestnut and beech wood compared to unmodified wood material. Beech wood showed low degradation in the compounds after modification. Notably, squalene and ar-tumerone were the main bioactive compounds present in beech wood extractives. Chestnut, conversely, showed a greater degradation after thermo-modification. However, a reduction in chemical compounds in the modified samples was also observed. In this case, the main biologically active compounds detected only in the chestnut control samples were apocynin and ar-tumerone. The recovery of this residual wood material, before energy consumption, could provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly means of obtaining natural chemicals suitable for various industrial applications.

scholarly journals Delayed effect of drought on the xylem vulnerability to embolism in Fagus sylvatica.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
stephane herbette ◽  
Olivia Charrier ◽  
Hervé Cochard ◽  
Têtè Sévérien Barigah
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Xylem Vulnerability ◽  
Resistance Traits

Understanding the variation in drought resistance traits is needed to predict the potential of trees to adapt to severe drought events. Xylem vulnerability to embolism is a critical trait related to drought-induced mortality with a large variability between species. Acclimation of this trait to environmental conditions implies changes in the xylem structure and organization, leading previous studies to investigate its variations under conditions preserving growth. In European beech saplings, we assessed the effect of droughts on the vulnerability to embolism in branches developed the next year during recovery. The newly formed branches displayed lower vulnerability to embolism in the plants that underwent the severest droughts leading to native embolism; the pressure that induces 50% loss of conductance being of -3.98 MPa in severely droughted plants whereas it was of ¬3.1 MPa in control plants, respectively. These results argue for a lagged acclimation of this trait to drought events.

scholarly journals The productivity of mixed mountain forests comprised of Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, and Abies alba across Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Hilmers ◽  
Admir Avdagić ◽  
Leszek Bartkowicz ◽  
Kamil Bielak ◽  
Franz Binder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Mountain Areas

Abstract Mixed mountain forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cover a total area of more than 10 million hectares in Europe. Due to altitudinal zoning, these forests are particularly vulnerable to climate change. However, as little is known about the long-term development of the productivity and the adaptation and mitigation potential of these forest systems in Europe, reliable information on productivity is required for sustainable forest management. Using generalized additive mixed models this study investigated 60 long-term experimental plots and provides information about the productivity of mixed mountain forests across a variety of European mountain areas in a standardized way for the first time. The average periodic annual volume increment (PAI) of these forests amounts to 9.3 m3ha−1y−1. Despite a significant increase in annual mean temperature the PAI has not changed significantly over the last 30 years. However, at the species level, we found significant changes in the growth dynamics. While beech had a PAI of 8.2 m3ha−1y−1 over the entire period (1980–2010), the PAI of spruce dropped significantly from 14.2 to 10.8 m3ha−1y−1, and the PAI of fir rose significantly from 7.2 to 11.3 m3ha−1y−1. Consequently, we observed stable stand volume increments in relation to climate change.

scholarly journals Shifts in spruce and beech flushing in the context of global climate change

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Ivana Tomášková ◽  
Alexander Ač
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Bud Phenology ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Faster Development ◽  
Spruce Needles

Bud phenology and development of needle nitrogen content were monitored on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) trees grown inside glass-domes for five years under ambient (385 µmol(CO2) mol−1) and elevated (700 µmol(CO2) mol−1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). The spruce to beech ratio was 35:65 in both treatments. At the beginning of the experiment mean age of investigated trees was 5 years.Elevated [CO2] was responsible for premature growth of both spruce and beech buds in the E treatment (not significantly, by 3–7 days). Nevertheless the flushing of neither beech nor spruce was not significantly hastened in E treatment during the flushing within the 5 years. During the second half of flushing faster development of terminal beech buds comparing to spruce was found (Chi-square = 65, p << 0.01). While the trajectory of beech buds development proceeded in the line – terminal – apical – lateral, the development of apical and lateral buds in spruce was finished before finalization of terminal buds development. At the beginning of the growing season the lowest value of nitrogen in spruce needles from E treatment (mean ± standard deviation 1.20 ± 0.18 %) was found. This could be a reason of weak differences between A and E treatment in both tree species. Elevated [CO2] acts as growth stimulator but the nitrogen insufficiency eliminates a positive effect of [CO2]. As the global climate change express itself in many ways and relationship’s consequences among plants and/or animals are hard to forecast.

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