scholarly journals Pre-Settlement Forests of Southwest Washington: Witness Statements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Puget Sound ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Witness Statements ◽  
Witness Trees

AbstractIn the mid-nineteenth century overland immigration into western Washington State passed through lands bracketed by the lower Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean. Witness trees from the region’s first GLO surveys (General Land Office), which preceded settlement, are used to reconstruct the composition, character, and distribution of the region’s natural forests. As such, this investigation augments a similar study of early forests around Puget Sound, situated immediately to the north (Schroeder, 2019). A retrospective species map is constructed from locational information from more than thirty-five thousand witness trees; accompanying tree diameters elucidate size differences by species and geographic locales. Three principal forest types were noted: western hemlock in the rainy western hills, with some Sitka spruce near the coast; Douglas-fir with woodland tree species in the rain-shadowed central plains; and hemlock/Douglas-fir/redcedar mixtures on the lower flanks of the Cascade Range. Although the majority of trees were small or medium in size, a significant fraction was large. All forest types displayed significant amounts of old growth, as judged by screening witness trees against a quantitative model. Mensuration exercises estimate that the region’s pre-settlement tree population approached one-half billion specimens with a timber volume of nearly 50 billion cubic feet.

“An Outlet to the Western Sea”: Puget Sound, Terraqueous Mobility, and Northern Pacific Railroad’s Pursuit of Trade with Asia, 1864–1892

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-458
Author(s):  
Sean Fraga
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
American West ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
North American West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Northern Pacific

Abstract The Northern Pacific Railroad saw Puget Sound harbors as environments uniquely suited to connect the North American interior with the Pacific Ocean and enable U.S. trade with East Asia. But in building the physical infrastructure to link transcontinental trains with transpacific ships, Northern Pacific significantly altered Commencement Bay’s shoreline and displaced Puyallups from their traditional territory. The articles uses a terraqueous perspective, emphasizing movement between terrestrial and aqueous environments, to demonstrate how U.S. pursuit of transpacific trade shaped the North American West.

“All Hell Broke Loose”

Orca ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Colby
Keyword(s):  
Puget Sound ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
East Side ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific

On the morning of Sunday, March 7, 1976, Ralph and Karen Munro were still feeling the effects of the previous night’s Tartan Ball. Over coffee, the couple chatted briefly about a newspaper editorial: apparently Sea World was trying to catch killer whales in Puget Sound. Although Ralph was special aide to Republican governor Dan Evans, the couple gave the matter little thought as they prepared to go sailing that afternoon with Bill and Pennie Oliver. Leaving from Olympia, the friends enjoyed a leisurely cruise to Cooper Point and were returning south through Budd Inlet at 3:00 p.m. when they spotted orcas off their port side. When Oliver tacked the thirty-three-foot vessel eastward for a look, Karen grew nervous. Would killer whales attack the boat? “I didn’t know anything about them at that time,” she later noted, “and the name sounded kind of scary.” Ralph reassured her. He had followed the story of Ted Griffin and Namu a decade earlier, and like many Northwesterners he now viewed the species with fondness. But the pleasure boaters quickly realized the whales weren’t alone. In pursuit were the seiner Pacific Maid and a smaller vessel named Orca. The reaction on the sailboat was visceral. “All of a sudden we realized that they were trying to capture these whales,” Karen recalled. “They were going to take our whales away.” Oliver radioed the Coast Guard, but officers responded that they lacked jurisdiction, and when he approached a floating seaplane for help, the pilot said that he was part of the operation. By that time, the animals were cornered in nearby Butler Cove. Determined to intervene, Oliver started his engines and steered into the melee. “Stay away!” yelled the men aboard the Pacific Maid. “We’ve got a permit!” But Oliver ignored them, and at first the intervention seemed to work. The whales made a break to the north, but the boats cut them off, driving the animals to the east side of Budd Inlet just off Gull Harbor. The two capture vessels set their nets, and then came the seal bombs.

Attenuation patterns in the Pacific Northwest based on intensity data and the location of the 1872 North Cascades earthquake

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-546
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Malone ◽  
Sheng-Sheang Bor
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Attenuation Factor ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Intensity Data ◽  
North Cascades ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eastern Washington

abstract Intensity data from 14 historic earthquakes in or near Washington State, as reported at over 300 localities, are used to study the attenuation structure in Washington. The empirical relation of Evernden (1975) is used to determine the size and depth for each earthquake and the local attenuation factor, k, for two physiographic parts of the state. The value for k in the Puget Sound region and north into Canada is 134, while k=112 is more appropriate for eastern Washington and northern Oregon. Individual local amplification factors are computed for all localities at which four or more earthquakes have been felt by averaging the difference between the computed intensity and reported intensity at each site. Using these correction factors, the intensities for the North Cascade earthquake of 1872 are used to place constraints on its size and location. It appears this earthquake may be slightly larger (magnitude 7.4) and located south and west of the original epicenter determined by Milne.

WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Arif Sultan
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circumstances,economic cooperation among Muslim countries should be onthe top of their agenda.Muslim countries today constitute about one-third of the membershipof the United Nations. There are around 56 independentMuslim states with a population of around 800 million coveringabout 20 percent of the land area of the world. Stretchingbetween Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Muslim Worldstraddles from North Africa to Indonesia, in two major Islamicblocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africa to Indonesia,in two major blocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africaand Asia and a smaller group in South and Southeast Asia.'GATT is a multilateral agreement on tariffs and trade establishing thecode of rules, regulations, and modalities regulating and operating internationaltrade. It also serves as a forum for discussions and negotiations ...

scholarly journals The evolving response of mesopelagic fishes to declining midwater oxygen concentrations in the southern and central California Current

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Anthony Koslow ◽  
Pete Davison ◽  
Erica Ferrer ◽  
S Patricia A Jiménez Rosenberg ◽  
Gerardo Aceves-Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
California Current ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Oxygen Minimum Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Abstract Declining oxygen concentrations in the deep ocean, particularly in areas with pronounced oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), are a growing global concern related to global climate change. Its potential impacts on marine life remain poorly understood. A previous study suggested that the abundance of a diverse suite of mesopelagic fishes off southern California was closely linked to trends in midwater oxygen concentration. This study expands the spatial and temporal scale of that analysis to examine how mesopelagic fishes are responding to declining oxygen levels in the California Current (CC) off central, southern, and Baja California. Several warm-water mesopelagic species, apparently adapted to the shallower, more intense OMZ off Baja California, are shown to be increasing despite declining midwater oxygen concentrations and becoming increasingly dominant, initially off Baja California and subsequently in the CC region to the north. Their increased abundance is associated with warming near-surface ocean temperature, the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal oscillation and Multivariate El Niño-Southern Oscillation Index, and the increased flux of Pacific Equatorial Water into the southern CC.

The Relevance of Old World Archaeology to the First Entry of Man into New Worlds: Colonization Seen from the Antipodes

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia J. Hallam
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Peopling Of The Americas ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Innovation ◽  
Considerable Complexity

Following several discussions in recent numbers of Quaternary Research on the peopling of the Americas, this paper suggests that movements into the New World should be viewed in the wider context of subsistence, technology, and movement around the western littorals of the Pacific, resulting in the colonization not of one but of two new continents by men out of Asia. Specific points which have been raised by these recent papers are reviewed in the light of Australian, Wallacian, and East Asian data.(1) The earliness of watercraft is evidenced by chronology of the human diaspora through Wallacia and Greater Australia.(2) The simplistic nomenclature of chopper-flake traditions masks considerable complexity and technological potential, revealed in detailed Antipodean studies.(3) These traditions also have great potential for adapting to differing ecological zones, evidenced within Greater Australia; and for technological and economic innovation there, through Southeast Asia, and to Japan and the north Asian littoral.(4) The history of discovery and the nature of the evidence from Australia cannot validly be used to controvert early dates in the Americas.(5) Demographic data from Australia suggest that total commitment to a rapid-spread “bowwave” model for the peopling of new continents may be unwise.

scholarly journals Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Wenji Huang ◽  
Mingwang Xi ◽  
Shibao Lu ◽  
Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Grand Canal ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Political Center ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Grand Canal

In the long history of the feudal society of China, Kaifeng played a vital role. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng became a worldwide metropolis. The important reason was that the Grand Canal, which was excavated during the Sui Dynasty, became the main transportation artery for the political and military center of the north and the economic center of the south. Furthermore, Kaifeng was located at the center of the Grand Canal, which made it the capital of the later Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was called “the canal-centered era.” The development of the canal caused a series of major changes in the society of the Northern Song Dynasty that were different from the previous ones, which directly led to the transportation revolution, and in turn, promoted the commercial revolution and the urbanization of Kaifeng. The development of commerce contributed to the agricultural and money revolutions. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the political center moved to the south. During the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of the Grand Canal made it so that water transport did not have to pass through the Central Plains. The relocation of the political center and the change in the canal route made Kaifeng lose the value of connecting the north and south, resulting in the long-time fall of the Bianhe River. Kaifeng, which had prospered for more than 100 years, declined gradually, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, it became a common town in the Central Plains. In ancient China, the rise and fall of cities and regions were closely related to the canal, and the relationship between Kaifeng and the Grand Canal was typical. The history may provide some inspiration for the increasingly severe urban and regional sustainable development issues in contemporary times.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

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