scholarly journals Associations between Stress and Child Verbal Abuse and Corporal Punishment during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Effect Modification by Lockdown Measures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohani Jeharsae ◽  
Manusameen Jae-noh ◽  
Haneefah Jae-a-lee ◽  
Suhaida Waeteh ◽  
Nisuraida Nimu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
Deep South ◽  
Measured Stress

AbstractBackgroundChild abuse appears to be on the increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the extent that lockdown measures modified the association between stress and abuses has not been systematically assessed.ObjectivesTo assess: 1) the association between caregiver’s stress and self-reported verbal abuse and corporal punishment of a child in the household, and; 2) modification of the stated association by experienced COVID-19 lockdown measures.Participants and settingsCaregivers residing in villages on lockdown in the Deep South of Thailand (n=466 participants)MethodsWe randomly sampled 12 villages in the study area, and 40 households per village. Trained enumerators who were residents of the sampled villages collected the data using phone-based interview. We measured stress level using the standard ST-5 questionnaire. We developed and pilot-tested questions for measurement of child abuse and lockdown experiences specifically for this study.ResultsCaregivers with moderate and higher levels of stress were more likely than caregivers with low level of stress to report verbal abuse (48% vs. 23%, respectively; Adj. OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.89, 5.15) and corporal punishment (28% vs. 8%, respectively; Adj. OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.41, 5.42). We found that COVID-19 lockdown experiences modified the associations between stress and verbal abuse and corporal punishment.ConclusionThere were associations between stress and abuses, which were modified by lockdown experiences. However, social desirability, lack of details in the answers, and potential confounding by mental illness co-morbidities were notable limitations of the study. Caveat is advised in the interpretation of the study findings.

scholarly journals Exploring How Exposure to Truth and State-Sponsored Anti-Tobacco Media Campaigns Affect Smoking Disparities among Young Adults Using a National Longitudinal Dataset, 2002–2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7803
Author(s):  
David C. Colston ◽  
Yanmei Xie ◽  
James F. Thrasher ◽  
Sherry Emery ◽  
Megan E. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Monitoring The Future

Background. Little is known regarding long-term impacts of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and related disparities in the United States. Methods. We examined longitudinal cohort data from Monitoring the Future (MTF) between 2000 and 2017 in modified Poisson regression models to understand the long-term impacts of televised Truth and state-sponsored ad campaign exposure at baseline (age 18) on first cigarette and daily smoking initiation 1 to 2 years later (at modal ages 19/20). We also used additive interactions to test for potential effect modification between campaign exposure and smoking outcomes by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental educational attainment. Results. We found no evidence for baseline media campaign exposure to be associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at modal age 19/20. Further, results showed no evidence for effect modification between campaign exposure and first cigarette or daily smoking initiation. Conclusions. We found no evidence that baseline Truth and state-sponsored ad exposure was associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at follow up, nor did we find any evidence for effect modification by sex, race/ethnicity, or parental education. We hypothesize that anti-tobacco media campaigns might have had a short-term impact on smoking behaviors, though these effects were not sustained long term.

scholarly journals Contribution of Illicit/Non-Prescribed Marijuana and Hard-Drug Use to Child-Abuse and Neglect Potential while Considering Social Desirability

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Donohue ◽  
Christopher P Plant ◽  
Graig Chow ◽  
Kimberly Schubert ◽  
Kelsey Bradshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Child Abuse And Neglect ◽  
Hard Drug ◽  
Abuse And Neglect

scholarly journals Early Detection of Child Abuse Victim Through Sleep Quality: Results of the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonjeong Chae ◽  
Jieun Jang ◽  
Eun-Cheol Park ◽  
Sung-In Jang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Korean Children

Abstract Background: A victim of child abuse can often develop mental illness. The early detection of mental illness of children could be supported by observing sleep quality. Therefore, we examined the relationship between sleep quality and the changes in child abuse by the child’s own parents over the study period. Methods: Data from the 2011-2013 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey was used and 2012 was set as the baseline. Adolescents who had poor sleep quality in 2011 were excluded from the analysis to obtain the final study population of 1,276 adolescents aged 14 and 15 years. The generalized estimating equation model (GEE) was used for statistical analysis.Results: Children who had experienced and/or were currently experiencing child abuse showed significantly poorer sleep quality (current year abuse only: odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41, 0.79; prior year abuse only: OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.99; continuous abuse: OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39, 0.80) compared to children who had no experience of child abuse. Conclusion: Child abuse remains a traumatic experience that influences the quality of sleep and hinders the child’s proper psychological development. We suggest approaching this issue at both the community and national levels to protect the victims.

scholarly journals Polymorphic variants in genes related to stress coping are associated with the awake bruxism

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Maciejewska-Szaniec ◽  
Marta Kaczmarek-Ryś ◽  
Szymon Hryhorowicz ◽  
Agnieszka Przystańska ◽  
Tomasz Gredes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Measured Stress ◽  
Elevated Frequency ◽  
Awake Bruxism

Abstract Background Chronic stress is one of the leading predisposing factors in bruxism aetiology, but the influence of genetic factors is also suggested. We aimed to study whether sequence variants in genes involved in stress regulation pathways: NTRK2 and BDNF, may be associated with awake bruxism susceptibility, clinical presentation, and patients’ perceived stress level. Methods The study group included 104 patients with probable awake bruxism and 191 population controls. Patients underwent dental examination concerning the symptoms of bruxism and psychological testing. Genotyping was performed using HRMA and sequencing. Statistical analyses were conducted, and P values below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results We observed a positive correlation of measured stress level and pathological teeth attrition in the anterior segment (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), enamel attritions (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), tongue impressions (r = 0.50, P < 0.001) and posterior teeth attrition (r = 0.27, P = 0.005). Moreover, the c.196A variant (p.66Met) of the BDNF gene and c.1397-31392G allele of the NTRK2 gene were present with elevated frequency, comparing to controls. Conclusions This study hence the thesis that perceived stress level is a substantial contributing factor to awake bruxism occurrence and its clinical manifestations. Moreover, sequence variants in genes related to stress coping may be correlated with awake bruxism’s susceptibility via elevated perceived stress level.

scholarly journals Awareness of different forms of child abuse among Beni Suef University students: descriptive survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nermeen N. Welson ◽  
Yasmen A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
University Students ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Physical Child Abuse ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Science College ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Child abuse is a worldwide phenomenon that can cause intense long-term aftereffects. Aim To evaluate the awareness of Beni Suef University students about different forms of child abuse as well as the size, causes, and complications of this problem in our society and determine the prevalence of physical child abuse. Methods The study included 1688 students from health science and non-health science colleges of Beni Suef University, Egypt. The study participants were asked to answer a questionnaire of two parts. The first part included questions about demographic data and personal experience of child abuse, and the second part included questions about opinions of participants on child abuse to assess their awareness and if there was any difference in the level of awareness between students of health science colleges and those of non-health science colleges. Results Health science college students were more life satisfied and felt more loved. Only 28.91% of the included students were not exposed to child abuse, while 12.59% of them suffered from wounds or fractures as a result of the abuse they were exposed to. About one third of the students thought that the commonest form of child abuse is verbal punishment such as threatening or humiliation and that the age at the greatest risk for abuse was the primary school age. About 68.36% of students thought that sexual abuse is a huge problem in our society. Only 21.56% of students disapproved child corporal punishment. More than half of the students stated that the most dangerous complication of child abuse is psychological problems such as depression. Most of the included students would talk to the child’s parents and advise them if they saw a case of abuse, while the least would call the police. Only half of the students disapproved female genital mutilation (FGM). The strongest predictive factors for FGM approval were rural residence and male sex. Students mainly thought that FGM is a social habit that is carried out for ethical causes. About half of the students approved legal punishment by the court for FGM performers. Conclusion A significant proportion of the students experienced physical child abuse which left no injuries in most cases; males and first academic year students show more exposure to abuse. Moreover, most of the students think that child corporal punishment can be allowed although about half of them think that the most dangerous aftereffect of child abuse is psychological problems. Lack of reporting the exposure to child abuse is explained by the largest percentage of students to be due to lack of awareness. Rural resident males show more approval of female genital mutilation. A significant lack of awareness about FGM complications is observed in both groups (the health science and non-health science college groups) and the opinions of both groups are very close.

The Independent and Combined Effects of Aerobic Physical Activity and Muscular Strengthening Activity on All-Cause Mortality: An Analysis of Effect Modification by Race-Ethnicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-888
Author(s):  
William Boyer ◽  
James Churilla ◽  
Amy Miller ◽  
Trevor Gillum ◽  
Marshare Penny
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic White

Background: The effects of aerobic physical activity (PA) and muscular strengthening activity (MSA) on all-cause mortality risk need further exploration among ethnically diverse populations. Purpose: To examine potential effect modification of race-ethnicity on meeting the PA guidelines and on all-cause mortality. Methods: The study sample (N = 14,384) included adults (20–79 y of age) from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PA was categorized into 6 categories based on the 2018 PA guidelines: category 1 (inactive), category 2 (insufficient PA and no MSA), category 3 (active and no MSA), category 4 (no PA and sufficient MSA), category 5 (insufficient PA and sufficient MSA), and category 6 (meeting both recommendations). Race-ethnic groups examined included non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American. Cox-proportional hazard models were used. Results: Significant risk reductions were found for categories 2, 3, and 6 for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black. Among Mexican American, significant risk reductions were found in category 6. Conclusion: In support of the 2018 PA guidelines, meeting both the aerobic PA and MSA guidelines significantly reduced risk for all-cause mortality independent of race-ethnicity. The effects of aerobic PA alone seem to be isolated to non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black.

scholarly journals Social inequalities in BMI trajectories: 8-year follow-up of the Pró-Saúde study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 3183-3191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dóra Chor ◽  
Valeska Andreozzi ◽  
Maria JM Fonseca ◽  
Letícia O Cardoso ◽  
Sherman A James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Bmi Trajectories

AbstractObjectiveIn a cohort of government employees in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we investigated prospectively, sex-specific associations between education and BMI trajectories and their potential effect modification by race.DesignOf the 4030 participants in Phase 1 (1999), 3253 (81 %) participated in Phase 2 (2003) and 3058 (76 %) participated in Phase 3 (2006). Education was categorized as elementary, high school or college graduate. Study participants self-identified as White, Black or Pardo. BMI was calculated from measured weight and height. BMI trajectories were modelled using a generalized additive regression model with mixed effects (GAMM).SettingThe Pro-Saúde Study, a longitudinal investigation of social determinants of health.SubjectsWomen (n 1441) and men (n 1127) who participated in the three phases of data collection and had complete information for all study variables.ResultsWomen and men with less than high school, or only a high school education, gained approximately 1 kg/m2 more than college graduates (women: 1·06 kg/m2 (P<0·001) and 1·06 kg/m2 (P<0·001), respectively; men: 1·04 kg/m2 (P=0·013) and 1·01 kg/m2 (P=0·277), respectively). For women only, race was independently associated with weight gain. Women identifying as Pardo or Black gained 1·03 kg/m2 (P=0·01) and 1·02 kg/m2 (P=0·10), respectively, more than Whites. No effect modification by race was observed for either men or women.ConclusionsWhile both lower education and darker race were associated with greater weight gain, gender similarities and differences were observed in these associations. The relationship between weight gain and different indicators of social status are therefore complex and require careful consideration when addressing the obesity epidemic.

Educate: Don’t punish

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Chowdhary ◽  
Falak Chowdhary ◽  
Rubal Gangopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ethical Duty ◽  
Suicidal Attempts ◽  
Mental Trauma

We all have seen/ experienced incidences of corporal punishment, but most of us don’t see them as something strange/ to question, and yet it makes us feel uncomfortable. In other words; corporal punishment is just one of the wrong ways to discipline a child. In our society, it is a trend that children in school as well as at home are physically punished if they do not conform to the set social behavior. The punishment varies from physical abuse to psychological abuse. A child responds differently to the menace of corporal punishment and the uncontrolled anger of the parent/ teacher, may result in injuries or even death of the child. Children respect and admire adults whether parents/ teachers but these punishments may lead to anger and frustration which diminish the intimacy which the child has towards them and to cope up with the persistent abuse, the child indulges in self-destructive activities like alcohol abuse etc and even suicidal attempts. Chronic abuse of the child leads to a breach of the trust between the child and the parent/ teacher causing effects beyond physical/ mental trauma, there is an erosion of the self-esteem, fear of closeness and ill-conceived attempts to avoid unpleasant reminders of child abuse. The use of corporal punishment is strongly rooted in our society and is passed on through generations. However, this doesn’t mean that corporal punishment is justified. So, putting an end to corporal punishment is our ethical duty.

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