scholarly journals The Impact of U.S. County-Level Factors on COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevo Itzhak ◽  
Tomer Shahar ◽  
Robert Moskovich ◽  
Yuval Shahar
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Mortality Prediction ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Median Income ◽  
County Level ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of socioeconomic factors, ethnicity, and other variables, on the frequency of COVID-19 cases [morbidity] and induced deaths [mortality] at sub-population, rather than at individual levels, is only partially understood.ObjectiveTo determine which county-level features best predict COVID-19 morbidity and mortality for a given county in the U.S.DesignA Machine-Learning model that predicts COVID-19 mortality and morbidity using county-level features, followed by a SHAP-values-based importance analysis of the predictive features.SettingPublicly available data from various American government and news websites.Participants3,071 U.S. counties, from which 53 county-level features, as well as morbidity and mortality numbers, were collected.MeasurementsFor each county: Ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, educational attainment, mask usage, population density, age distribution, COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, air quality indicators, presidential election results, ICU beds.ResultsA Random Forest classifier produced an AUROC of 0.863 for morbidity prediction and an AUROC of 0.812 for mortality prediction. A SHAP-values-based analysis indicated that poverty rate, obesity rate, mean commute time to work, and proportion of people that wear masks significantly affected morbidity rates, while ethnicity, median income, poverty rate, and education levels, heavily influenced mortality rates. The correlation between several of these factors and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, from 4/2020 to 11/2020 shifted, probably due to COVID-19 being initially associated with more urbanized areas, then with less urbanized ones.LimitationsData are still coming in.ConclusionsEthnicity, education, and economic disparity measures are major factors in predicting the COVID-19 mortality rate in a county. Between-counties low-variance factors (e.g., age), are not meaningful predictors.Differing correlations can be explained by the COVID-19 spread from metropolitan to less metropolitan areas.Primary Funding SourceNone.

scholarly journals Thematic Maps of the Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of the Incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases in Sefrou Province, Central North of Morocco (2007–2011)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra Talbi ◽  
Nordine Nouayti ◽  
Hajar El Omari ◽  
Mohamed Najy ◽  
Khadija Lahouiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Study ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Background. Leishmaniases are vector-borne diseases with health risks. They cause a big health problem. These parasitic diseases are transmitted by the parasite of the genus Leishmania through sandflies. Objective. The aim of this work is to study the distribution of the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and the impact of urbanization and socioeconomic factors and their effects as leishmaniasis risk factors. Methods. We conducted a retrospective study of CL cases collected at the level of Sefrou Province during the period from 2007 to 2011. The data was collected from registers of the Medical Delegation of Sefrou Province. The socioeconomic data, namely, the poverty rate, the popular density, and the type of environment (urban/rural) of Sefrou Province, were obtained from the High Commission for Planning. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 20). The data were registered in a Microsoft Excel 2010 file. Statistical analysis was based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and then a correlation study was carried out (Pearson correlation). The results were considered significant when p was less than 0.05. The database was analyzed by QGIS 2.18, which is open source software. Results. A total of 349 cases of CL were collected at Sefrou Province from 2007 to 2011. A percentage of 49% of the cases come from urban areas, while 51% of the cases come from rural areas. In the statistical analysis, the division of the incidence of CL cases was found to be significantly associated only with urbanization. For the other factors, the number of people or the poverty rate is not taken into account in the incidence dynamics. Conclusion. This study may be useful for the implementation of future adequate measures and controls. Getting rid of leishmaniasis requires a comprehensive approach by acting on the sources of contamination through good continuous surveillance, appropriate management, effective vector control, and awareness-raising strategies.

scholarly journals Can't wait to get my pension: the effect of raising the female early retirement age on income, poverty and deprivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONATHAN CRIBB ◽  
CARL EMMERSON
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Proportional Effect ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe estimate the impact of increasing the female early retirement age (ERA) on household living standards. Examining the increase in the female ERA from 60 to 63 in the UK, we find increased earnings only partially offset lost public pension income, leaving affected women's household incomes £32 per week lower on average. The proportional effect was substantially larger for women in lower income households. This increased the income poverty rate among affected women by 6.4 percentage points. We find no evidence of an increased inability to afford important material items, potentially suggesting that material deprivation has been avoided through smoothing of consumption.

scholarly journals Exploring the health-relevant poverty line: a study using the data of 663,000 individuals in Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Oshio
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Binary Variable ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Daily Life Activities

Abstract Background Income poverty is known to be associated with poor health outcomes. However, the poverty line, which is used to calculate the poverty rate, is arbitrarily set without specific reference to health. This study explored the health-relevant poverty line to understand poverty in terms of population health. Methods Using repeated cross-sectional data from approximately 663,000 individuals obtained from 11 waves of nationwide population surveys conducted in Japan from 1986 to 2016, we used two methods to calculate a health-relevant poverty line: (1) We searched for a poverty line that maximized the proportion-weighted relative underperformance in health among individuals whose income was below the poverty line (Method I). (2) We searched for a poverty line that maximized the likelihood of the logistic regression model to explain poverty in terms of health using a binary variable for below-the-poverty-line income (Method II). For both methods, we considered five health outcomes: Poor/fair and poor self-rated health, subjective symptoms, problems with daily life activities, and psychological distress, along with covariates. Results Methods I and II indicated that the health-relevant poverty line should be drawn, respectively, at 72–86% and 67–69% of median income; this level is somewhat higher than the conventional 50% or 60%. Conclusions The results suggest that there is a risk that the conventionally defined poverty line may underestimate poverty in terms of population health.

Impact of the vascular access on morbidity and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mohamed Zaki Ali ◽  
Tamer Waheed Elsaeed ◽  
Mohamed Saeed hassan ◽  
Al Shaimaa Ebrahem Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Access ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Chronic Hemodialysis ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Dialysis Catheter ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Endstage Renal Disease ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) have high rates of mortality and morbidity. Adequate dialysis is essential to maintain a high quality of life and survival in these patients. Vascular access is also known as a ‘lifeline’ for patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). Complications associated with vascular access result in frequent hospitalizations and often require intervention. These complications have significant impacts on the morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients, while also leading to high medical costs. As a result, having a wellfunctioning point of vascular access is very important. We aimed to study the prevelance of different types of vascular access and practice patterns at Ain Shams university hospitals and to study the impact of vascular access related problems on morbidity and mortality. Patients and Methods This study is a prospective cohort study conducted in Ain shams university hospitals dialysis units in which all adults with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD) from the three units were included in the study. All patients were assessed as regard basic demographics, patient characteristics and vascular access characteristics. At the start of the study and then after one year data about vascular access related mortality and morbidity were collected. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences, version 2019, SPSS, Inc, Chicago, III, USA) Results In our HD population where the majority of catheters were temporary nontunneled catheters, dialysis catheter use was associated with higher mortality and increased hospitalization rates compared with AV access. These results emphasize the urgent need to minimize the use of dialysis catheters. Conclusion Using dialysis catheter carries a higher risk for life threatening complications compared to AV access.

scholarly journals The impact of systemic fungal infection in patients with perforated oesophagus

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Elsayed ◽  
H Shaker ◽  
I Whittle ◽  
S Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Tertiary Referral Centre ◽  
Systemic Fungal Infection ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Impact

INTRODUCTION Perforated oesophagus is a surgical emergency with significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic fungal infection represents a poor response to the magnitude of the insult, which adds significantly to the risk of morbidity and mortality in these patients. We reviewed our experience with this group of patients over a six-year period in a tertiary referral centre. METHODS A retrospective clinical review was conducted of patients who were admitted following a ruptured oesophagus over a period of six years (January 2002 – January 2008). RESULTS We had 27 admissions (18 men and 9 women) following an isolated perforated oesophagus to our unit. The median patient age was 65 years (range: 22–87 years). The majority (n=24,89%) presented with spontaneous perforations (Boerhaave’s syndrome) and three (11%) were iatrogenic. Fungal organisms, predominantly Candida albicans, were positively cultured in pleural or blood samples in 16 (59%) of the 27 patients. Fourteen patients grew yeasts within the first seven days while two showed a delayed growth after ten days. Overall mortality was 5 out of 27 patients (19%). There was no mortality among the group that did not grow yeasts in their blood/pleural fluid while mortality was 31% (5/16) in the group with systemic fungal infection (p<0.001). A positive fungal culture was also associated with increase ventilation time, intensive care unit stay and inpatient hospital stay but not an increased rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS Systemic fungal infection in patients with a ruptured oesophagus affects a significant proportion of these patients and carries a poor prognosis despite advanced critical care interventions. It may represent a general marker of poor host response to a major insult but can add to mortality and morbidity. It is worth considering adding antifungal therapy empirically at an early stage to antimicrobials in patients with an established diagnosis of a perforated oesophagus.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Discharge Status of Patients with Uncomplicated Transsphenoidal Adenohypophysectomy

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (05) ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
Jennifer Villwock ◽  
Kevin Sykes ◽  
Roukoz Chamoun ◽  
D. Beahm ◽  
Chelsea Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Discharge Disposition ◽  
Discharge Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Charges

Objectives The number of transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomies (TSAs) surgeries has grown significantly since 1993. While there has been an overall decreasing trend in length of stay (LOS), socioeconomic factors may impact hospitalization. This study explores the impact of socioeconomic factors on LOS and total charges in uncomplicated patients undergoing TSA. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting 2009 to 2013 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Participants Patients undergoing TSA without medical complications. Main Outcomes Measures LOS and total charges. Results A total of 6,457 patients were identified, of which 17.2% had secreting tumors. Patients with secreting tumors stayed 2.95 days versus those with nonsecreting tumors stayed 3.26 days (p < 0.001). Discharge to other than self-care was the largest contributing variable for both subsets, increasing both LOS and total charges. Patient factors that drove longer LOS and increased total charges for both subsets included metropolitan domicile, having a lower median income, Hispanic ethnicity, and having an increased amount of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) comorbidity indices. Having private insurance predicted a shorter LOS and lower total charges. Conclusions These results demonstrate that, even without complications, patients can be delayed in their discharge. While several socioeconomic factors significantly predict LOS and charges, the discharge disposition ultimately has the greatest effect. This suggests that efforts should focus on improving organizational factors such as coordination with social work and outside facilities to decrease LOS and charges for this patient population.

scholarly journals The impact of HIV infection and socioeconomic factors on the incidence of gonorrhea: A county-level, US-wide analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e0183938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Andreatos ◽  
Christos Grigoras ◽  
Fadi Shehadeh ◽  
Elina Eleftheria Pliakos ◽  
Georgianna Stoukides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
County Level ◽  
The Impact

Impact of smoke-free ordinance strength on smoking prevalence and lung cancer incidence.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6578-6578
Author(s):  
Ryan Nguyen ◽  
Laura Vater ◽  
Lava R Timsina ◽  
Greg Andrew Durm ◽  
Katelin Rupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Tobacco Prevention ◽  
County Level ◽  
Lung Cancer Incidence ◽  
Lung Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
The Impact

6578 Background: Smoke-free ordinances (SFO) have been shown to decrease the prevalence of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, but there is limited data on the impact of such policies on lung cancer incidence. We investigated the relationship between strength of county-level SFO with smoking prevalence and lung cancer incidence in Indiana. Methods: Following IRB approval, we queried the Indiana State Cancer Registry and Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Commission’s policy database between 1995 and 2016. County-level characteristics included population, income, poverty, education, race/ethnicity, sex, and rurality. Lung cancer diagnosis and stage were also collected. Using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with robust standard errors and accounting for the clustering effect at county level, we performed multivariable analyses of smoking prevalence and age-adjusted lung cancer rates with respect to the strength of smoke-free ordinances at the county level over time. Results: Indiana consists of 92 counties, 24 of which had SFO by 2011. In 2012, Indiana enacted a law mandating at least a moderate state-wide SFO. From 1995 to 2016, 110,935 Indiana residents were diagnosed with lung cancer. Indiana also had an average age-adjusted yearly lung cancer incidence of 76.8 per 100,000 population and average yearly smoking prevalence of 25% during this time. Smoking prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI [-1.88, -0.52]) lower in counties with comprehensive or moderate SFO compared with those with weak or no SFO. Counties that had comprehensive or moderate SFO had an 8.36 (95% CI [-11.45, -5.27]) decrease in new lung cancer diagnosis per 100,000 population per year compared with counties that had weak or no SFO. Conclusions: Stronger municipal smoke-free air ordinances are associated with decreased smoking prevalence and fewer new lung cancer cases. Strengthening smoke-free ordinances is paramount to decreasing lung cancer incidence.

scholarly journals Impact of 2 Versus 1 Colostrum Meals on Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity, Pre-Weaning Morbidity and Mortality, and Performance of Dairy Calves in a Large Dairy Herd

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Angel Abuelo ◽  
Faith Cullens ◽  
Amanda Hanes ◽  
Jill L. Brester
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) due to inadequate ingestion of colostral immunoglobulins by calves is associated with increased mortality and morbidity risks. Feeding calves a sufficient amount of quality-tested colostrum within the first hours of life is essential for successfully transferring passive immunity. Many farms have implemented a second meal of colostrum to maximize the opportunities for passive immunity transfer. However, excellent passive immunity can be achieved with a single feeding of sufficient quality-tested colostrum. Moreover, there is currently no evidence demonstrating the impact of a second colostrum feeding within 24 h of life in calves receiving adequate volumes of quality-tested colostrum in an initial feeding. Hence, the objective of this retrospective cohort study was to compare the risks of FPTI, pre-weaning morbidity and mortality, and growth and performance between dairy calves that received one or two feedings of colostrum. For this, the health and production records of a large dairy herd were analyzed. At this farm, newborn calves receive 3 L of quality-tested colostrum soon after birth, followed by another 2 L 5–6 h later. However, at times of shortages of colostrum, calves only receive the initial 3 L meal. The records of 2064 male and 2272 female calves were analyzed, where 4156 and 180 calves received 2 and 1 colostrum meals, respectively. Data from both sexes were included in the analysis of the risks of FTPI, morbidity, and mortality; however, only data from heifer calves were utilized for growth and performance analysis. Survival analysis, and logistic and linear regression models were used to investigate the impact of receiving two feedings of colostrum on calf FTPI status, morbidity, mortality, reproductive indices, pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG), and first lactation 305-d Mature Equivalent milk production (305ME). Calves that received two feedings of colostrum had lower odds of FTPI, a lower probability of being treated for respiratory disease, diarrhea, or any disease, and a greater pre-weaning ADG. However, there was no association between the number of colostrum feedings and pre-weaning mortality, and the probabilities of first insemination and first calving, although heifers receiving two colostrum feedings tended to receive fewer inseminations and to have a greater first lactation 305ME. Collectively, our results suggest that feeding calves a second feeding of colostrum 5–6 h after the initial feeding soon after birth could be an effective strategy to decrease FTPI and morbidity and optimize ADG in dairy calves pre-weaning.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE AT-RISK-OF-POVERTY RATE OF SLOVAK HOUSEHOLDS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Glaser-Opitzová ◽  
◽  
Mária Vojtková ◽  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
European Union ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Since the goal of any advanced society is to reduce poverty and improve the social status of the population, it is important to know the causes of its emergence. In connection with Slovakia's membership in the European Union, we have taken over European legislation in this area. The Europe 2020 strategy is currently in force in the countries of the European Union, while one of its five main objectives is "Fight against poverty and social exclusion". Poverty research is undoubtedly a topical, multidimensional problem. One of the issues it focuses on is the so-called income poverty. The poverty line is considered to be 60% of the median national equivalent disposable household income. In order for assistance to those at risk to be truly targeted at those who need it most, it is necessary to map the situation in detail and identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the incidence of poverty. In our paper, the subject of analysis will be the quantification of the influence of selected factors from The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database on the at-risk-of-poverty rate in Slovak households. The at-risk-of-poverty rate represents the proportion of people (in percent) in the whole population, whose equivalent disposable income is below the at-risk-of-poverty line. We will verify the impact of selected factors on the at-risk-of-poverty rate using a logistic regression model in the SAS Enterprise Guide statistical tool.

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