scholarly journals Disease burden of bloodstream infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: a population-level study—Japan, 2015-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Tsuzuki ◽  
Nobuaki Matsunaga ◽  
Koji Yahara ◽  
Keigo Shibayama ◽  
Motoyuki Sugai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Bacteriological Test

SummaryBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem. However, quantitative evaluation of its disease burden is challenging. This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by major antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in Japan between 2015 and 2018 in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).MethodsWe estimated the DALYs of BSIs caused by the six major antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in Japan by utilising comprehensive national surveillance data of all routine bacteriological test results from more than 1,400 hospitals between 2015 and 2018. We modified the methodology of a previous study by Cassini and colleagues to enable comparison of our results with those in other countries.ResultsWe estimated that 135.8 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 128.6-142.9) DALYs per 100,000 population was attributable to BSIs caused by the six antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in 2018. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (FQREC), and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (3GREC) accounted for 88.6% of the total. The burden did not decrease during the study period and was highest in people aged 65 years or older.ConclusionOur results revealed for the first time the disease burden of BSIs caused by six major antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in Japan. The estimated disease burden associated with AMR in Japan is substantial and has not begun to decrease. Notably, the burden from FQREC and 3GREC has increased steadily and that from MRSA is larger than EU/EEA area, whereas that from other bacteria was comparatively small. Our results are expected to provide useful information for healthcare policymakers for prioritising interventions for AMR.FundingMinistry of Health, Labour and Welfare research grant (20HA2003); Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (JP19fk0108061)

Abstract 86: Increasing World-Wide Stroke Burden, 2010-2017

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry B Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Data Exchange ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Uncertainty Interval ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Related Mortality

Introduction: Although stroke-related mortality decreased over the last 3- decades, there is concern that morbidity and death rates may have increased over recent years. Methods: World-wide data available from the Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation’s Global Health Data Exchange (ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd) was analyzed to determine changes in stroke incidence, prevalence, death rates and associated disability adjusted life years (DALYs) between 2010-2017. Results: Over the 7-year period, global stroke incidence increased by 5.3% (148, 95% Uncertainty Interval, 140-157 to 156, 95% UI 146-168 per 100,000), prevalence by 19.3% (1,143, 95% UI 1,099-1,192 to 1,364, 95% UI 1,289-1,441 per 100,000), mortality by 5.3% (79, 95% UI 78-80 to 81, 95% UI 79-83 per 100,000) and DALYs by 2.7% (1,683, 95% UI 1,626-1,739 to 1,728, 95% UI 1,656-1,798 per 100,000). The Figure gives global trends for each metric between 1990-2017 (+/- 95% UI) and shows an increase in incidence and prevalence over the entire period with initial declines in mortality and DALYs that leveled off between about 2005-2013 and subsequently increased. Conclusion: The global burden of stroke is increasing. As other data suggest that most of the previous decline in stroke-related mortality was related to improvements in risk factor control, these data indicate that population level programs to reduce risk may need to be reinforced.

scholarly journals A Prevenção e Controlo de Infeção: Um Esforço Conjunto

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Rocha Pereira ◽  
Paulo Aguiar Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Final Report ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Eu

Estima-se que em 2050, no mundo inteiro, possam existir cerca de 10 milhões de mortes associadas à resistência aos antimicrobianos, superando as mortes atribuíveis a doença neoplásica.1 Em 2015, em Portugal, estimaram-se 24 021 casos de infeção por bactérias multirresistentes, responsáveis por 1158 mortes, das quais 63,5% associadas aos cuidados de saúde.2 Assim, as infeções nosocomiais, a resistência aos antimicrobianos e as doenças infeciosas emergentes são fatores determinantes na qualidade e segurança dos cuidados de saúde, condicionando uma significativa morbimortalidade que impede o seu normal funcionamento. [...] O`Neill J. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recomendations. 2016. [accessed May 2020] Available from: https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf. Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D, Quattrocchi A, Hoxha A, Simonsen GS, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis2019;19:56-66. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4.

scholarly journals Burden of foodborne disease in the Netherlands: from science to policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Mughini Gras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Animal Contact

Abstract In the Netherlands, the Ministry of Health mandates the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to provide annual updates of the number of illnesses, disease burden and cost-of-illness caused by an agreed-upon standard panel of 14 enteric pathogens. These pathogens are mainly transmitted by food, but also via direct contact with animals, environment-mediated and human-to-human transmission routes. The disease burden is expressed in DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years), a metric integrating morbidity and mortality into one unit. Furthermore, the cost-of-illness (COI) related to these 14 pathogens is estimated and expressed in euros. The COI estimates include healthcare costs, the costs for the patient and/or his family, such as travel expenses, as well as costs in other sectors, for example due to productivity losses. Moreover, using different approaches to source attribution, the estimated DALYs and associated COI estimates are attributed to five major transmission pathways (i.e. food, environment, direct animal contact, human-human transmission, and travel) and 11 food groups within the foodborne pathway itself. The most recent DALY and COI estimates referring to the year 2018 show that the 14 pathogens in question are cumulatively responsible for about 11,000 DALYs and €426 million costs for the Dutch population in 2018, with a share for foodborne transmission being estimated at 4,300 DALYs and €171 million costs, which is comparable to previous years. These estimates have been providing vital insights for policy making as to guide public health interventions and resource allocation for over two decades in the Netherlands. Herewith, the approach and outcomes of the burden of disease and COI estimates in the Netherlands will be presented, with a focus on how these estimates enable policy-makers and the scientific community to monitor trends, generate scientific hypotheses, and undertake public health actions.

scholarly journals The relative importance and stability of disease burden causes over time: summarizing regional trends on disease burden for 290 causes over 28 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Dyson ◽  
Raf Van Gestel ◽  
Eddy van Doorslaer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Since the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) has become more comprehensive, data for hundreds of causes of disease burden, measured using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), have become increasingly available for almost every part of the world. However, undergoing any systematic comparative analysis of the trends can be challenging given the quantity of data that must be presented. Methods We use the GBD data to describe trends in cause-specific DALY rates for eight regions. We quantify the extent to which the importance of ‘major’ DALY causes changes relative to ‘minor’ DALY causes over time by decomposing changes in the Gini coefficient into ‘proportionality’ and ‘reranking’ indices. Results The fall in regional DALY rates since 1990 has been accompanied by generally positive proportionality indices and reranking indices of negligible magnitude. However, the rate at which DALY rates have been falling has slowed and, at the same time, proportionality indices have tended towards zero. These findings are clearest where the focus is exclusively upon non-communicable diseases. Notably, large and positive proportionality indices are recorded for sub-Saharan Africa over the last decade. Conclusion The positive proportionality indices show that disease burden has become less concentrated around the leading causes over time, and this trend has become less prominent as the DALY rate decline has slowed. The recent decline in disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa is disproportionally driven by improvements in DALY rates for HIV/AIDS, as well as for malaria, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections.

Abstract P116: The Impact of Diet Low in Fruits and Vegetables on Cardiovascular Disease Burden Across 195 Countries in 2015

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J Sur ◽  
Ashkan Afshin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: While cardio-protective effects of fruits and vegetables are well-established, the impact of their suboptimal intake on the CVD burden across nations and levels of development has not been evaluated. Objective: To systematically quantify the burden of CVD attributable to low intake of fruits and low intake of vegetables in 195 countries by age, sex, country, and development status in 2015. Methods: We obtained data on consumption of fruits and vegetables from nationally or subnationally representative nutrition surveys and data on their national availability from the UN FAO. Etiologic effect sizes of fruits and vegetables on CVD endpoints were obtained from meta- analyses of prospective cohort studies. The optimal level of intakes for each was determined based on the levels associated with lowest risk of mortality in prospective observational studies. A comparative risk assessment analysis was conducted to quantify the proportion of disability- adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to low intake of each. The variation of this burden was further evaluated across different levels of our newly developed socio-demographic index (SDI). Results: In 2015, low intake of fruits accounted for 57.3 (95% UI: 37.1- 78.4) million DALYs due to CVD globally (41.5% from IHD and 58.5% from stroke). Low intake of vegetable caused 44.6 (23.6- 68.8) million CVD DALYs (67.3% IHD and 32.7% stroke). The highest burden of CVD attributable to low intake of fruits and vegetables was seen in the middle and low-middle SDI quintiles (17.2 and 14.3% of total DALYs), while the lowest burden for each was seen in high and high-middle SDI quintiles (12.7 and 11.2%). At the country level, the attributable CVD burden ranged from 5.1% of total DALYs (Rwanda) to 23.2% (Bangladesh) for low intake of fruit and from 5.9% (North Korea) to 19.4% (Mongolia) for low intake of vegetable. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that population inventions to increase consumption of fruits and vegetables at population level could save millions of life years globally. Figure. Age-standardized proportion of disability-adjusted life years attributable to low intake of fruits (A) and vegetables (B) from cardiovascular disease among adults (> 25y) in 2015.

Risk factor intervention at the population level

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 873-882
Author(s):  
Eva Prescott ◽  
Torben Jørgensen ◽  
Maja-Lisa Løchen ◽  
Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard ◽  
Simon Capewell
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Unhealthy Diet

Great health benefits can be achieved if preventive efforts are focused on whole populations rather than mainly on high-risk individuals. Tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, alcohol abuse, and air pollution are responsible for a large proportion of global deaths and loss of disability-adjusted life years and there are documented effects of interventions at the population level on all of these factors. Population-based strategies include fiscal measures (i.e. taxation and subsidies), international, national, and regional policy regulations and legislation (e.g. smoke-free policies, rules for marketing, food production), and environmental changes (e.g. access to recreational areas, convenience stores), and have the advantages of addressing cardiovascular health over the entire life course, reducing health inequalities and saving costs when compared to individual-level interventions.

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