scholarly journals The gene expression profile of the song control nucleus HVC shows sex specificity, hormone responsiveness, and species specificity among songbirds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Ching Ko ◽  
Carolina Frankl-Vilches ◽  
Antje Bakker ◽  
Manfred Gahr
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Sex Specificity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Song Control ◽  
Androgen Levels ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

AbstractSinging occurs in songbirds of both sexes, but some species show typical degrees of sex-specific performance. We studied the transcriptional sex differences in the HVC, a brain nucleus critical for song pattern generation, of the forest weaver (Ploceus bicolor), the blue-capped cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus cyanocephalus), and the canary (Serinus canaria), which are species that show low, medium, and high levels of sex-specific singing, respectively. We observed persistent sex differences in gene expression levels regardless of the species-specific sexual singing phenotypes. We further studied the HVC transcriptomes of defined phenotypes of canary, known for its testosterone-sensitive seasonal singing. By studying both sexes of canaries during both breeding and nonbreeding seasons, nonbreeding canaries treated with testosterone, and spontaneously singing females, we found that the circulating androgen levels and sex were the predominant variables associated with the variations in the HVC transcriptomes. The comparison of natural singing with testosterone-induced singing in canaries of the same sex revealed considerable differences in the HVC transcriptomes. Strong transcriptional changes in the HVC were detected during the transition from nonsinging to singing in canaries of both sexes. Although the sex-specific genes of singing females shared little resemblance with those of males, our analysis showed potential functional convergences. Thus, male and female songbirds achieve comparable singing behaviours with sex-specific transcriptomes.

scholarly journals The Gene Expression Profile of the Song Control Nucleus HVC Shows Sex Specificity, Hormone Responsiveness, and Species Specificity Among Songbirds

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Ching Ko ◽  
Carolina Frankl-Vilches ◽  
Antje Bakker ◽  
Manfred Gahr
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Sex Specificity ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Song Control ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Singing occurs in songbirds of both sexes, but some species show typical degrees of sex-specific performance. We studied the transcriptional sex differences in the HVC, a brain nucleus critical for song pattern generation, of the forest weaver (Ploceus bicolor), the blue-capped cordon-bleu (Uraeginthus cyanocephalus), and the canary (Serinus canaria), which are species that show low, medium, and high levels of sex-specific singing, respectively. We observed persistent sex differences in gene expression levels regardless of the species-specific sexual singing phenotypes. We further studied the HVC transcriptomes of defined phenotypes of canary, known for its testosterone-sensitive seasonal singing. By studying both sexes of canaries during both breeding and non-breeding seasons, non-breeding canaries treated with testosterone, and spontaneously singing females, we found that the circulating androgen levels and sex were the predominant variables associated with the variations in the HVC transcriptomes. The comparison of natural singing with testosterone-induced singing in canaries of the same sex revealed considerable differences in the HVC transcriptomes. Strong transcriptional changes in the HVC were detected during the transition from non-singing to singing in canaries of both sexes. Although the sex-specific genes of singing females shared little resemblance with those of males, our analysis showed potential functional convergences. Thus, male and female songbirds achieve comparable singing behaviours with sex-specific transcriptomes.

scholarly journals Evolution of Courtship Songs in Xenopus: Vocal Pattern Generation and Sound Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 145 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 302-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Leininger ◽  
Darcy B. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Strong Candidate ◽  
Species Specific

The extant species of African clawed frogs (Xenopus and Silurana) provide an opportunity to link the evolution of vocal characters to changes in the responsible cellular and molecular mechanisms. In this review, we integrate several robust lines of research: evolutionary trajectories of Xenopus vocalizations, cellular and circuit-level mechanisms of vocalization in selected Xenopus model species, and Xenopus evolutionary history and speciation mechanisms. Integrating recent findings allows us to generate and test specific hypotheses about the evolution of Xenopus vocal circuits. We propose that reduced vocal sex differences in some Xenopus species result from species-specific losses of sexually differentiated neural and neuromuscular features. Modification of sex-hormone-regulated developmental mechanisms is a strong candidate mechanism for reduced vocal sex differences.

scholarly journals Testosterone-mediated regulation of mouse renal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes

1990 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Henderson ◽  
A R Scott ◽  
C S Yang ◽  
C R Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Mouse Kidney ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Androgen Levels

We have studied the extent to which mouse renal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes are sexually differentiated, and the factor(s) regulating this dimorphism. Intriguingly, sex differences were not seen in the expression of a single cytochrome P-450 enzyme, but were observed in the expression of all P-450 isoenzymes detectable, encoded by six gene families or sub-families. This effect was mediated by testosterone, which had the capacity to both induce and repress P-450 gene expression, and which was independent of growth hormone. The changes in protein content were mirrored in all but one case by changes in the levels of mRNA, indicating that these genes contain hormone-responsive elements. These findings are consistent with numerous reports of sex differences in the susceptibility of the mouse kidney to the toxic and carcinogenic effects of drugs and environmental chemicals, many of which are metabolized to cytotoxic products by the cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenases. These data imply that circulating androgen levels will be an important factor in susceptibility of the kidney to toxic or carcinogenic compounds which require metabolic activation.

scholarly journals Role of STAT5a in regulation of sex-specific gene expression in female but not male mouse liver revealed by microarray analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl H. Clodfelter ◽  
Gregory D. Miles ◽  
Valerie Wauthier ◽  
Minita G. Holloway ◽  
Xiaohua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Specificity ◽  
Liver Gene ◽  
Plasma Gh

Sexual dimorphism in mammalian liver impacts genes affecting hepatic physiology, including inflammatory responses, diseased states, and the metabolism of steroids and foreign compounds. Liver sex specificity is dictated by sex differences in pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion, with the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5b required for intracellular signaling initiated by the pulsatile male plasma GH profile. STAT5a, a minor liver STAT5 form >90% identical to STAT5b, also responds to sexually dimorphic plasma GH stimulation but is unable to compensate for the loss of STAT5b and the associated loss of sex-specific liver gene expression. A large-scale gene expression study was conducted using 23,574-feature oligonucleotide microarrays and livers of male and female mice, both wild-type and Stat5a-inactivated mice, to elucidate any dependence of liver gene expression on STAT5a. Significant sex differences in expression were found for 2,482 mouse genes, 1,045 showing higher expression in males and 1,437 showing higher expression in females. In contrast to the widespread effects of the loss of STAT5b, STAT5a deficiency had a limited but well-defined impact on liver sex specificity, with 219 of 1,437 female-predominant genes (15%) specifically decreased in expression in STAT5a-deficient female liver. Analysis of liver RNAs from wild-type mice representing three mixed or outbred strains identified 1,028 sexually dimorphic genes across the strains, including 393 female-predominant genes, of which 89 (23%) required STAT5a for normal expression in female liver. These findings highlight the importance of STAT5a for regulation of sex-specific gene expression specifically in female liver, in striking contrast to STAT5b, whose major effects are restricted to male liver.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Correlation with Gene Expression Levels between Ifi200 Family Genes and Four Sets of Immune Disease-Relevant Genes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Cao ◽  
Lishi Wang ◽  
Cong-Yi Wang ◽  
Jicheng Ye ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Background. The HIN-200 family genes in humans have been linked to several autoimmune diseases—particularly to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, its human counterpart gene cluster, the Ifi200 family in mice, has been linked to spontaneous arthritis disease (SAD). However, many immune-mediated diseases (including RA and SLE) show gender difference. Understanding whether or not and how these genes play a role in sex difference in immune-mediated diseases is essential for diagnosis/treatment. Methods. This study takes advantage of the whole genome gene expression profiles of recombinant inbred (RI) strain populations from female and male mice to analyze potential sex differences in a variety of genes in disease pathways. Expression levels and regulatory QTL of Ifi200 family genes between female and male mice were first examined in a large mouse population, including RI strains derived from C57BL/6J, DBA/2J (BXD), and classic inbred strains. Sex similarities and differences were then analyzed for correlations with gene expression levels between genes in the Ifi200 family and four selected gene sets: known immune Ifi200 pathway-related genes, lupus-relevant genes, osteoarthritis- (OA-) and RA-relevant genes, and sex hormone-related genes. Results. The expression level of Ifi202b showed the most sex difference in correlation with known immune-related genes (the P value for Ifi202b is 0.0004). Ifi202b also showed gender difference in correlation with selected sex hormone genes, with a P value of 0.0243. When comparing coexpression levels between Ifi200 genes and lupus-relevant genes, Ifi203 and Ifi205 showed significant sex difference (P values: 0.0303 and 0.002, resp.). Furthermore, several key genes (e.g., Csf1r, Ifnb1, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, Jhdm1d, Csf1r, Ifnb1, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and Tgfb2 that regulate sex differences in immune diseases) were discovered. Conclusions. Different genes in the Ifi200 family play different roles in sex difference among dissimilar pathways of these four gene groups.

scholarly journals Alternative splicing during mammalian organ development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Mazin ◽  
Philipp Khaitovich ◽  
Margarida Cardoso-Moreira ◽  
Henrik Kaessmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Mammalian Genomes ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

AbstractAlternative splicing (AS) is pervasive in mammalian genomes, yet cross-species comparisons have been largely restricted to adult tissues and the functionality of most AS events remains unclear. We assessed AS patterns across pre- and postnatal development of seven organs in six mammals and a bird. Our analyses revealed that developmentally dynamic AS events, which are especially prevalent in the brain, are substantially more conserved than nondynamic ones. Cassette exons with increasing inclusion frequencies during development show the strongest signals of conserved and regulated AS. Newly emerged cassette exons are typically incorporated late in testis development, but those retained during evolution are predominantly brain specific. Our work suggests that an intricate interplay of programs controlling gene expression levels and AS is fundamental to organ development, especially for the brain and heart. In these regulatory networks, AS affords substantial functional diversification of genes through the generation of tissue- and time-specific isoforms from broadly expressed genes.

scholarly journals High-throughput transcriptomic analysis of human primary hepatocyte spheroids exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a platform for relative potency characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rowan-Carroll ◽  
A Reardon ◽  
K Leingartner ◽  
R Gagné ◽  
A Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Similar Gene Expression Profile ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Hepatocyte Spheroids ◽  
Similar Gene ◽  
Identify Gene Expression

Abstract Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely found in the environment because of their extensive use and persistence. Although several PFAS are well studied, most lack toxicity data to inform human health hazard and risk assessment. This study focussed on four model PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 8 carbon), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS; 4 carbon), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; 8 carbon), and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS; 10 carbon). Human primary liver cell spheroids (pooled from 10 donors) were exposed to 10 concentrations of each PFAS and analyzed at four time-points. The approach aimed to: (1) identify gene expression changes mediated by the PFAS; (2) identify similarities in biological responses; (3) compare PFAS potency through benchmark concentration analysis; and (4) derive bioactivity exposure ratios (ratio of the concentration at which biological responses occur, relative to daily human exposure). All PFAS induced transcriptional changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and lipid metabolism pathways, and predicted PPARα activation. PFOS exhibited the most transcriptional activity and had a highly similar gene expression profile to PFDS. PFBS induced the least transcriptional changes and the highest benchmark concentration (i.e., was the least potent). The data indicate that these PFAS may have common molecular targets and toxicities, but that PFOS and PFDS are the most similar. The transcriptomic bioactivity exposure ratios derived here for PFOA and PFOS were comparable to those derived using rodent apical endpoints in risk assessments. These data provide a baseline level of toxicity for comparison with other known PFAS using this testing strategy.

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