scholarly journals Global association of obesity and COVID-19 death rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Population Size ◽  
World Population ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Death Data

AbstractImportanceCOVID-19 was responsible for an enormous global death toll with large variation among countries.ObjectiveTo examine the possible impact of obesity on COVID-19 death rates.DesignMeasure associations between obesity rates in 2016 and COVID-19 deaths/million population through 2/25/2021, across countries.SettingGlobalParticipants167 countries for which obesity and death data were available, grouped by population size, with multiples of 10 countries in each of 8 groups plus a group including all 57 countries with obesity rates <15%.Outcome and measuresUsing Excel, COVID-19 deaths/million were regressed on the obesity rate for each country, based on obesity being a key factor in COVID hospitalizations and deaths. Using the least squares formula for the best fit for each model, R2, components of the formula, and the percentage of world population represented, were recorded for each group.ResultsObesity rates ranged from 2.1% to 37.9% and death rates ranged from 0.4/million to 1,892/million for groups representing up to 91% of global population. Results for the 8 population groups had R2 from 0.30 to 0.90 with slopes of the fitted line ranging from 27.9-51.0. Countries with obesity rates <15% had consistently low death rates (≤233/million), R2 of 0.003 and slope of the line=1.01.ConclusionsFor most countries about one-third of the difference in COVID death rates was due to obesity while in countries with obesity <15%, consistently low death rates were not associated with obesity. Reduced obesity rates could potentially have lowered the COVID death toll.

Beyond Population Stabilization: The Case for Dramatically Reducing Global Human Numbers

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kenneth Smail
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World Population ◽  
Past Time ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Population Stabilization

There is a growing tension between two apparently irreconcilable trends: (1) demographic projections that world population size will reach 10 to 11 billion by the middle of the next century; and (2) scientific estimates that the Earth's long-term sustainable carrying capacity (at an “adequate to comfortable” standard of living) may not be much greater than 2 to 3 billion. It is past time to develop internationally coordinated sociopolitical initiatives that go beyond slowing the growth or stabilizing global human numbers. After “inescapable realities” that humans must soon confront, and notwithstanding the considerable difficulties involved in establishing “global population optimums,” I conclude with several suggestions how best to bring about a very significant reduction in global population over the next two to three centuries. These proposals are cautiously optimistic.

scholarly journals First formal estimate of the world population of the Critically Endangered spoon-billed sandpiper Calidris pygmaea

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel A. Clark ◽  
Guy Q. A. Anderson ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Evgeny E. Syroechkovskiy ◽  
Pavel S. Tomkovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
World Population ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Population

AbstractThe spoon-billed sandpiper Calidris pygmaea is a Critically Endangered shorebird that breeds in the Russian arctic and winters in coastal and estuarine habitats in South-east Asia. We report the first formal estimate of its global population size, combining a mark–resighting estimate of the number of leg-flagged individuals alive in autumn 2014 with an estimate of the proportion of birds with flags from scan surveys conducted during the same period at a migration stop-over site on the Jiangsu coast of China. We estimate that the world breeding population of spoon-billed sandpipers in 2014 was 210–228 pairs and the post-breeding population of all age classes combined was 661–718 individuals. This and related methods have considerable potential for surveillance of the population size of other globally threatened species, especially widely dispersed long-distance migrants.

scholarly journals Population trend inferred from aural surveys for calling anurans in Korea

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaël Borzée ◽  
Desiree Andersen ◽  
Yikweon Jang
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Species Dynamics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic

Amphibian populations fluctuate naturally in size and range and large datasets are required to establish trends in species dynamics. To determine population trends for the endangered Suweon Treefrog (Dryophytes suweonensis), we conducted aural surveys in 2015, 2016, and 2017 at each of 122 sites where the species was known to occur in the Republic of Korea. Despite being based on individual counts, the focus of this study was to establish population trends rather than population size estimates, and we found both environmental and landscape variables to be significant factors. Encroachment was also a key factor that influenced both the decreasing number of calling individuals and the negative population dynamics, represented here by the difference in the number of calling individuals between years. Generally, most sites displayed minimal differences in the number of calling males between years, although there was a large fluctuation in the number of individuals at some sites. Finally, when adjusted for the overall population size difference between years, we found the population size to be decreasing between 2015 and 2017, with a significant decrease in the number of calling individuals at specific sites. High rate of encroachment was the principal explanatory factor behind these marked negative peaks in population dynamics.

GAMBARAN PERILAKU VERBAL ABUSE ORANG TUA DAN TIPE KEPRIBADIAN REMAJA DI SMP N 2 GAMPING YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizqi Wahyu Hidayati ◽  
Retno Sumiyarini
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Personality Type ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Verbal Abuse ◽  
World Population ◽  
First Line ◽  
Type Indicator ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ethical Clearance

Abstract : Adolescent was a period from children to adult which is 11 – 21 years old. Nowadays, the number of adolescents was one-sixth of world population. The characteristic of this period wee egocentric, over estimates, and aggressive. Because of this, adolescent was under attention. Family was first line which influences their development. Moreover, family who had verbal abuse and hostility, it could make unstable and negative emotion. It also influenced the children personality types. Children who grow with physically and psychologically trauma, they susceptible had anxiety disorder, PTSD, depression, and personality disorder. The aim of this research was to see the descriptive of parental verbal abuse and personality type in adolescents at 2 Gamping junior High School. This research used quantitative method with descriptive design. The number of the sample was 89. The inclusions were the students who lived with their parents (mother/father/both) in the same house and they were 12 – 14 years old. This research used simple random technique. Besides, the questioners used verbal abuse and Myerss Briggs Type Indicator Personality. Next, it was tested by coefficient contingency. Finally, the researcher got Ethical Clearance from ethical commission in Health Faculty of Jenderal Achmad Yani Yogyakarta University. Based on result, it can be seen that majority of the students got vebal abuse in low category (88,8%). Next, majority of the students also had introvert personality type (50,6%). Although, the difference between introvert and extrovert was not significant (0, 01%). Researcher hopes that this result could be the based data of next research.Keywords : Parental Verbal Abuses Personality types; Adolescents Abstrak : Remaja merupakan masa peralihan anak-anak ke dewasa dengan rentang usia 11 – 21 tahun. Jumlah remaja saat ini seperenam populasi dunia. Berdasarkan jumlah dan karakteristik remaja yang ego sentris, over estimates, pemarah, dan agresif menjadikan kelompok ini diperhatikan. Keluarga merupakan lingkungan pertama yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan remaja. Keluarga yang penuh dengan celaan dan permusuhan menyebabkan emosi anak tidak stabil dan negatif. Hal ini juga akan berdampak pada tipe kepribadian anak. Anak yang tumbuh dengan trauma baik fisik maupun psikologis, maka akan memiliki gangguan kecemasan, PTSD, depresi, dan gangguan kepribadian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat gambaran perilaku verbal abuse orang tua dan tipe kepribadian remaja di SMP N 2 Gamping Yogyakarta.Penelitian ini merupakaan penelitian kuantitatif dengan deskriptif. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan yaitu 89 dengan kriteria inklusi antara lain siswa tinggal satu atap bersama dengan orang tua (single parentsatau lengkap) dan berusia 12 – 14 tahun dengan simple random technique. Kuesiner menggunakan verbal abuse dan Myerss Briggs Type Indicator Personality.Diuji menggunakan koeffisien kontingensi. Persetujuan etik didapatkan dari Komisi Etik Fakultas Kesehatan Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani Yogyakarta. Berdasarkan hasil didapatkan bahwa mayoritas siswa mengalami kekerasan verbal dari orang tua dengan kategori rendah yaitu 88, 8%. Selanjutnya, sebagian besar siswa memiliki kepribadian introvert dengan prosentase 50, 6%. Selain itu dapat dilihat bahwa mayoritas siswa memiliki nilai kekerasan verbal kategori rendah. Hal ini dapat dijadikan dasar penelitian selanjutnya tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai kekerasan verbal orang tua dalam kategori rendah.Kata Kunci : Verbal Abuse, Orang tua, Tipe Kepribadian, Remaja

scholarly journals On the uncertainty of height anomaly differences predicted by least-squares collocation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
E. Mysen
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Height Anomaly ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Least Squares Collocation ◽  
Normal Heights ◽  
Gravimetric Quasigeoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grid Interpolation ◽  
Gps Observations

AbstractA network of pointwise available height anomalies, derived from levelling and GPS observations, can be densified by adjusting a gravimetric quasigeoid using least-squares collocation. The resulting type of Corrector Surface Model (CSM) is applied by Norwegian surveyors to convert ellipsoidal heights to normal heights expressed in the official height system NN2000. In this work, the uncertainty related to the use of a CSM to predict differences in height anomaly was sought. As previously, the application of variograms to determine the local statistical properties of the adopted collocation model led to predictions that were consistent with their computed uncertainties. For the purpose of predicting height anomaly differences, the effect of collocation was seen to be moderate in general for the small spatial separations considered (< 10 km). However, the relative impact of collocation could be appreciable, and increasing with distance, near the network. At last, it was argued that conservative uncertainties of height anomaly differences may be obtained by rescaling output of a grid interpolation by \sqrt \Delta, where Δ is the spatial separation of the two locations for which the difference is sought.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Latin America: a first glance to the mortality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubia Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

It is too early to know which will be the final death toll from the Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemy in Latin America since the epidemy is still active and we will not know when it will end. The curve for new infections and deaths has not reached yet a peak (Figure 1). In addition, we know little about the epidemiology of this new virus. The daily litany of the number of people infected with the number of admissions to hospitals and intensive care units and the number of deaths guides health authorities to plan health services and politicians to gauge the degree of confinement necessary to control the transmission of the virus, but it says little about the magnitude of the problem if we do not relate it to the population at risk. At the end of the pandemic, we will be able to estimate age-standardized death rates for the different countries, but until then the crude death rates will provide a first glance or snapshot of the death toll and impact of the pandemic from March to May 2020. These rates are well below those estimated in other countries in Europe and North America: Belgium (82.6), Spain (58.0), the United Kingdom (57.5), Italy (55.0), France (42.9), Sweden (41.4), and the US (30.7). (Johns Hopkins CSSE, May 30, 2020). However, in the European countries and the US the number of deaths has reached a peak, while this is not the case in Latin American countries. (Figure 1). It should be taken into account that the above rates are crude and therefore, some of the differences could be due to the fact that European countries have a larger proportion of the population over 70 years of age in whom higher mortality rates have been reported.

scholarly journals Large numbers of vertebrates began rapid population decline in the late 19th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (49) ◽  
pp. 14079-14084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haipeng Li ◽  
Jinggong Xiang-Yu ◽  
Guangyi Dai ◽  
Zhili Gu ◽  
Chen Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Difference

Accelerated losses of biodiversity are a hallmark of the current era. Large declines of population size have been widely observed and currently 22,176 species are threatened by extinction. The time at which a threatened species began rapid population decline (RPD) and the rate of RPD provide important clues about the driving forces of population decline and anticipated extinction time. However, these parameters remain unknown for the vast majority of threatened species. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity data of nuclear and mitochondrial loci of 2,764 vertebrate species and found that the mean genetic diversity is lower in threatened species than in related nonthreatened species. Our coalescence-based modeling suggests that in many threatened species the RPD began ∼123 y ago (a 95% confidence interval of 20–260 y). This estimated date coincides with widespread industrialization and a profound change in global living ecosystems over the past two centuries. On average the population size declined by ∼25% every 10 y in a threatened species, and the population size was reduced to ∼5% of its ancestral size. Moreover, the ancestral size of threatened species was, on average, ∼22% smaller than that of nonthreatened species. Because the time period of RPD is short, the cumulative effect of RPD on genetic diversity is still not strong, so that the smaller ancestral size of threatened species may be the major cause of their reduced genetic diversity; RPD explains 24.1–37.5% of the difference in genetic diversity between threatened and nonthreatened species.

scholarly journals Estimating change in the geographical range and population size of Hinde's Babbler Turdoides hindei

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Shaw ◽  
John Musina ◽  
Patrick Gichuki
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Extent Of Occurrence ◽  
Area Of Occupancy ◽  
Species Area ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Global Population

Hinde's Babbler Turdoides hindei is a globally threatened Kenyan endemic, which during the 1990s, was known from just seven localities. Based mainly on surveys undertaken in 2000–2001, we estimate the species's global population size and compare recent changes in its “extent of occurrence” and “area of occupancy”. Historically, Hinde's Babbler has been recorded from c. 40 10 × 10 km squares; 27 pre-1980 and 19 subsequently, suggesting that its area of occupancy has declined by about 30%. In contrast, its extent of occurrence has declined by only 8%, this measure being less sensitive to the balance of gains and losses occurring near the centre of its range. During surveys in 1994 and 2000–2001, 157 groups were located, containing 665 birds, 75% of which were found at two intensively cultivated sites. Some 97% of birds were located in, or adjacent to, five Important Bird Areas, but only 8% were found within legally protected areas. Two extrapolated population estimates are presented, based on the number of birds likely to have been missed at survey sites, and the species' area of occupancy. These suggest that the global population of Hinde's Babbler is likely to fall within the range of 1,500–5,600 birds.

A semi-hybrid model for malaria with limited superinfection

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 1027-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Picard
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Modelling malaria with consistency necessitates the introduction of at least two families of interconnected processes. Even in a Markovian context the simplest fully stochastic model is intractable and is usually transformed into a hybrid model, by supposing that these two families are stochastically independent and linked only through two deterministic connections. A model closer to the fully stochastic model is presented here, where one of the two families is subordinated to the other and just a unique deterministic connection is required. For this model a threshold theorem can be proved but the threshold level is not the one obtained in a hybrid model. The difference disappears only when the human population size approaches infinity.

Total Pressure Correction of a Sub-Miniature Five-Hole Probe in Areas of Pressure Gradients

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Town ◽  
A. Akturk ◽  
C. Camcı
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Pressure Data ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Complex Flow ◽  
Ducted Fan ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Best Fit

Five-hole probes, being a dependable and accurate aerodynamic tools, are excellent choices for measuring complex flow fields. However, total pressure gradients can induce measurement errors. The combined effect of the different flow conditions on the ports causes the measured total pressure to be prone to a greater error. This paper proposes a way to correct the total pressure measurement. The correction is based on the difference between the measured total pressure data of a Kiel probe and a sub-miniature prism-type five-hole probe. By comparing them in a ducted fan related flow field, a line of best fit was constructed. The line of best fit is dependent on the slope of the line in a total pressure versus span and difference in total pressure between the probes at the same location. A computer program, performs the comparison and creates the correction equation. The equation is subsequently applied to the five-hole probe total pressure measurement, and the other dependent values are adjusted. The validity of the correction is then tested by placing the Kiel probe and the five-hole probe in ducted fans with a variety of different tip clearances.

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