scholarly journals COVID-19 risk assessment for the Tokyo Olympic Games

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Zhu ◽  
Jie Feng ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Huimin Wang ◽  
Yang Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures

Abstract Objectives To explore effective prevention and control measures for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in large international events through simulations of different interventions according to risk assessment. Methods We used random model to calculate the number of initial infected patients. And Poisson distribution was used to determine the number of initial infected patients based on the number of countries involved. Further, to simulate the COVID-19 transmission, the susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered-hospitalized (SEIARH) model was established based on susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) mathematical model of epidemic diseases. According to risk assessment indicators produced by different scenarios of the simulated interventions, the risk of COVID-19 transmission in Tokyo Olympic Games was assessed. Results The large-scale vaccination will effectively control the spread of COVID-19. If the effective rate of vaccine is 100%, and the vaccination rate of athletes reaches 80%, an epidemic prevention barrier can be established. Conclusions The current COVID-19 prevention measures proposed by the Japan Olympic Committee were needed to be enhanced. For the vaccination intervention had the best control effect, a mass vaccination serves was an effective way to control COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19; SEIARH model; interventions; Tokyo Olympic Games; risk assessment

scholarly journals Universal Masking to Control Healthcare-Associated Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Eliza R. Thompson ◽  
Faith S. Williams ◽  
Pat A. Giacin ◽  
Shay Drummond ◽  
Eric Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Va Health Care System ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract Objective: To assess extent of a healthcare-associated outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and evaluate effectiveness of infection control measures, including universal masking Design: Outbreak investigation including 4 large-scale point-prevalence surveys Setting: Integrated VA Health Care System with 2 facilities and 330 beds Participants: Index patient and 250 exposed patients and staff Methods: We identified exposed patients and staff and classified them as probable and confirmed cases based on symptoms and testing. We performed a field investigation and assessment of patient and staff interactions to develop probable transmission routes. Infection prevention interventions implemented included droplet and contact precautions, employee quarantine, and universal masking with medical and cloth facemasks. Four point-prevalence surveys of patient and staff subsets were conducted using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2. Results: Among 250 potentially exposed patients and staff, 14 confirmed cases of Covid-19 were identified. Patient roommates and staff with prolonged patient contact were most likely to be infected. The last potential date of transmission from staff to patient was day 22, the day universal masking was implemented. Subsequent point-prevalence surveys in 126 patients and 234 staff identified 0 patient cases and 5 staff cases of Covid-19, without evidence of healthcare-associated transmission. Conclusions: Universal masking with medical facemasks was effective in preventing further spread of SARS-CoV-2 in our facility in conjunction with other traditional infection prevention measures.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity and effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 prevention and control in major cities in China through time-varying reproduction number estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Cheng ◽  
Zeyi Liu ◽  
Guangquan Cheng ◽  
Jincai Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractBeginning on December 31, 2019, the large-scale novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China. Tracking and analysing the heterogeneity and effectiveness of cities’ prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to design and adjust epidemic prevention and control measures. The number of newly confirmed cases in 25 of China’s most-affected cities for the COVID-19 epidemic from January 11 to February 10 was collected. The heterogeneity and effectiveness of these 25 cities’ prevention and control measures for COVID-19 were analysed by using an estimated time-varying reproduction number method and a serial correlation method. The results showed that the effective reproduction number (R) in 25 cities showed a downward trend overall, but there was a significant difference in the R change trends among cities, indicating that there was heterogeneity in the spread and control of COVID-19 in cities. Moreover, the COVID-19 control in 21 of 25 cities was effective, and the risk of infection decreased because their R had dropped below 1 by February 10, 2020. In contrast, the cities of Wuhan, Tianmen, Ezhou and Enshi still had difficulty effectively controlling the COVID-19 epidemic in a short period of time because their R was greater than 1.

scholarly journals Assessing healthcare workers’ knowledge, emotions and perceived institutional preparedness about COVID-19 pandemic at Saudi hospitals in the early phase of the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashi Masnad Alreshidi ◽  
Hassan Haridi ◽  
Rana Alaseeri ◽  
Michelle Garcia ◽  
Fe Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Impact Scale ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic extended to reach most countries in the globe during few months. Preparedness of healthcare institutions and healthcare workers (HCWs) are crucial for applying effective prevention and control measures. This study aimed to assess HCWs knowledge, emotions and perception of preparedness of their institutions towards COVID-19 pandemic.Design: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted among hospital HCWs in Saudi Arabia during April 27, 2020 to May 03, 2020.Results: Overall, 1004 completed responses were received. The majority were females (78.8), nurses (84.9%) at middle age 25-39 years (71.8%). Among participants, 95.5% reported receiving training on safely use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and 94.9% did fit the test for N95 respirator. The participants possessed a fair knowledge about COVID-19 disease with a mean knowledge score 6. 61±1.35 points on a scale of 10 points. Most participants (88.7%) were committed to continue work as a professional and ethical duty, however, 27.1% of them scored high on a negative emotional impact scale. Participants appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic; however, they were concerned with the continuous PPE supply. Factors that independently associated with good knowledge and negative emotional response were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusions: Findings revealed fair knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs in Saudi hospitals. Concerns and worries were expressed regard working with the highly infectious COVID-19 patients. Participants, appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness, however they were concerned about the continuous availability and supply of PPE.

scholarly journals Changes in Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection Pre- and Post-COVID-19 pandemic from a Tertiary Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Su ◽  
Zhiqin Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Hanlin Peng ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for six months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University.Results: A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p=0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p=0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME AFTER CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INFECTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (45) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
Marco Orsini ◽  
Denise Flávio De Carvalho ◽  
José Teixeira De Seixas Filho ◽  
Rossano Fiorelli ◽  
Eduardo Lima Trajano
Keyword(s):  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Cranial Nerve Palsies ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
And Control

Background: In Brazilian territory, the most common arboviruses are DENV (Dengue), CHIKV (Chikungunya), and ZIKV (Zica), although others may spread in the country. These arboviruses has also resulted in a number of neurologic diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, myositis and cranial nerve palsies. This article reports the case of a woman, 33 years that suddenly developed shooting fever, muscle pain and ascedent weakness, receiving subsequently the diagnosis of guillain-barré syndrome for probable unspecified viral infection. After a few days of hospitalization, the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre by possible CHIKV fever were confirmed across clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid, electrophysiological findings and the specific titles of IgM for CHIKV. Months after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin remains with muscle weakness in lower limbs and difficulties in performing daily activities. The article becomes important because chikungunya infection causes a high number of affected individuals, with severe cases (as presented), and implications for health services, mainly due to the absence of specific treatment, vaccines, and effective prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Laboratory Focus on Improving the Culture of Biosafety: Statewide Risk Assessment of Clinical Laboratories That Process Specimens for Microbiologic Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Munson ◽  
Erin J. Bowles ◽  
Richard Dern ◽  
Eric Beck ◽  
Raymond P. Podzorski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Facility Assessment ◽  
Direct Microscopic Examination ◽  
Specimen Processing ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Task Assessment

ABSTRACTThe Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene challenged Wisconsin laboratories to examine their biosafety practices and improve their culture of biosafety. One hundred three clinical and public health laboratories completed a questionnaire-based, microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment. Greater than 96% of the respondents performed activities related to specimen processing, direct microscopic examination, and rapid nonmolecular testing, while approximately 60% performed culture interpretation. Although they are important to the assessment of risk, data specific to patient occupation, symptoms, and travel history were often unavailable to the laboratory and, therefore, less contributory to a microbiology-focused biosafety risk assessment than information on the specimen source and test requisition. Over 88% of the respondents complied with more than three-quarters of the mitigation control measures listed in the survey. Facility assessment revealed that subsets of laboratories that claim biosafety level 1, 2, or 3 status did not possess all of the biosafety elements considered minimally standard for their respective classifications. Many laboratories reported being able to quickly correct the minor deficiencies identified. Task assessment identified deficiencies that trended higher within the general (not microbiology-specific) laboratory for core activities, such as packaging and shipping, direct microscopic examination, and culture modalities solely involving screens for organism growth. For traditional microbiology departments, opportunities for improvement in the cultivation and management of highly infectious agents, such as acid-fast bacilli and systemic fungi, were revealed. These results derived from a survey of a large cohort of small- and large-scale laboratories suggest the necessity for continued microbiology-based understanding of biosafety practices, vigilance toward biosafety, and enforcement of biosafety practices throughout the laboratory setting.

A traditional cattle trade network in Tak province, Thailand and its potential in the spread of infectious diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamrat Khengwa ◽  
Papaspong Jongchansittoe ◽  
Poonyapat Sedwisai ◽  
Anuwat Wiratsudakul
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cattle Markets ◽  
Tak Province ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures

Cattle in Thailand are traded by cattle dealers in the cattle markets through informal negotiation processes. The present study aimed to explore a traditional cattle trade network and its potential in the spread of infectious diseases. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted in cattle markets located in Tak province, Thailand. A static weighted directed one-mode network was constructed and geographic locations of sources and destinations of animals were plotted. A total of 210 cattle dealers responded to the questionnaires. The cattle trade network contained 112 sources and destinations of animals and 168 trading activities. The highest generalised weighed in- and out-degree centralities and k-core were observed in the same cattle market at 53.4, 106.7 and 4, respectively. Spatially, cattle dealers could transport animals as far as 774.4 km from the original markets and natural barriers such as mountainous areas tended to dictate the trading routes, premises of animals and magnitude of trading activities. Traditional cattle trading patterns described in this study pose some important challenges to veterinary authorities in tailoring effective prevention and control measures for confronting infectious diseases. This study quantitatively analysed the traffic within a network of cattle trade and found a wide range of spatial movements and a high connectivity of markets to sources and destinations of animals, which may accommodate the spread of infectious diseases within the network. This peace time network analysis could help related authorities to better focus on possible infected premises and to immediately respond once an epidemic occurs.

scholarly journals An Investigation on the Public's Acceptance of Prevention and Control Measures for COVID-19 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ao Zhang ◽  
Xiang Wu ◽  
Jingqi Gao ◽  
Yongbao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: China has basically succeeded in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, which is due to the cooperation and acceptance of epidemic prevention measures by the public. However, few studies have examined the measures China has taken to combat COVID-19 in order to reflect on its success in curbing the the spread of epidemic.Methods: In this study, the public acceptance questionnaire was designed based on the epidemic prevention measures adopted in China, to investigate the difference of public acceptance of epidemic prevention measures. The survey data was collected from 2,062 samples with different demographic characteristics from March 8, 2020 to April 9, 2020. And SPSS was used to analyze the data collected in the questionnaire, such as one-way variance, so as to draw conclusions.Results: The results show that age and educational level have a significant influence on public acceptance. In contrast gender and occupation field has no significant impact on it. The acceptance of the emergency prevention and control measures taken by the government during the epidemic period is generally high. With the development of the epidemic, the acceptability is increasing. And the public acceptance of traffic measures was highest. Conclusions: Rapid deployment of epidemic prevention measures and appropriate methods in transportation, economy and education are the key to China's effective containment of the epidemic. Measures such as shutting down cities and encouraging the wearing of masks deserve to be copied by other countries. This study summed up China's scientific experience in the fight against COVID-19 and differences in public acceptance. It can provide a positive reference for the development of epidemic prevention measures in other countries.

The epidemic burden on prisons in Lombardy (Italy) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: the transmission and measures of prevention in detention facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruggero Giuliani ◽  
Sara Mazzilli ◽  
Teresa Sebastiani ◽  
Giorgia Cocca ◽  
Raffaella Bortolotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Detention Facilities

Purpose Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community highlighted a potential risk of epidemics occurring inside prisons. Consequently, specific operational guidelines were promptly released, and containment measures were quickly implemented in prisons. This paper aims to describe the spread of COVID-19 in detention facilities within the Lombardy region of Italy during March to July 2020, and the impact of the prevention and control measures implemented. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive retrospective analysis of case distribution was performed for all COVID-19 cases identified among people in detention (PiD) and prison officers (POs). A comparison of the epidemic burden affecting different populations and a correlation analysis between the number of cases that occurred and prevention measures implemented were also carried out. Findings From this study, it emerged that POs were at a high risk of contracting COVID-19. This study observed a delay in the occurrence of cases among PiD and substantial heterogeneity in the size of outbreaks across different prisons. Correlation between reported cases among PiD and registered sick leave taken by POs suggested the latter contributed to introducing the infection into prison settings. Finally, number of cases among PiD inversely correlated with the capacity of each prison to identify and set up dedicated areas for medical isolation. Originality/value Prevention and control measures when adopted in a timely manner were effective in protecting PiD. According to the findings, POs are a population at high risk for acquiring and transmitting COVID-19 and should be prioritized for testing, active case finding and vaccination. This study highlights the critical importance of including prison settings within emergency preparedness plans.

PERBEDAAN SIKAP REMAJA PUTRI SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DIBERIKAN PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG SADARI ( PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI ) DI SMA NEGERI 1 PALEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
P Value ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
And Control

ABSTRAK Penyakit kanker merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2025, jumlah orang meninggal dunia akibat kanker meningkat menjadi 11,5 juta bila tidak dilakukan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian yang efektif.(Infodatin, 2015). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang SADARI terhadap sikap SADARI pada Remaja Putri di SMA Negeri 1 Palembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pre-eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan adanya pengaruh manipulasi adaptif terhadap responden. Jumlah sampel sebesar 20 responden. Uji statistik menggunakan metode analitik dengan sampel kecil (≤ 50) maka uji normalitas data menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk. Ada perbedaan sikap remaja  Putri Sebelum dan Sesudah diberikan Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang SADARI  di SMA Negeri 1 Palembang dengan p-value  0,0001. Dengan demikian diharapkan agar sekolah dapat memberikan informasi mengenai SADARI, responden diarapkan selalu belajar, tetap mencari informasi untuk menambah pengetahui khususnya tentang SADARI dan dapat mempraktikkan tehnik pemeriksaan payudara sendiri (SADARI), dan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap sikap SADARI dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam pendidikan kesehatan.   ABSTRACK   Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is estimated that by 2025, the number of people who die from cancer rises to 11.5 million without effective prevention and control measures (Infodatin, 2015). The purpose of this research is to know the effect of health education about BSE on the attitude of BSE in Young Women in SMA Negeri 1 Palembang. This study uses pre-experimental research design that aims to reveal the possibility of influence of adaptive manipulation of respondents. The sample size is 20 respondents. Statistical test using analytical method with small sample (≤ 50) then the data normality test using Shapiro-Wilk test. There is difference of attitude of Young Women Before and After given Health Education About SADARI in SMA Negeri 1 Palembang with p-value 0.0001. Therefore, it is expected that the school can provide information about BSE, respondents are expected to always learn, keep looking for information to increase the knowledge, especially about BSE and can practice breast self-examination techniques (BSE), and for further research can do more research about other factors which affect the attitude of BSE and the factors that influence in health education.

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