scholarly journals Study of compatibility and determination of the suitable pollinizer for Argane tree (Argania spinosa L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naima Ait Aabd ◽  
Abdelghani Tahiri ◽  
Abdelaziz Mimouni ◽  
Rachid Bouharroud
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Flowering Rate ◽  
First Time

During the breeding program studies, the pollen donor parents (pollinizers) were observed to be characterized by a strong flowering rate and very low fruit set, even after hand pollination. Then the notion of pollinizers in the argane species was born, first mentioned, checked, documented and confirmed like other conventional tree species. Since the argane tree is completely self-incompatible, the presence of compatible pollinizers is necessary for the fruit set. Indeed, pollinizers need to be selected accurately based on the synchronization of bloom periods and compatibility to receiver trees (female). The pollinizer is essential in any breeding program and for new orchard plantations. The current study was conducted on 13 argane genotypes including two pollinizers. The flowering period, bloom phenology, floral structure and fruit set of crossed genotypes were monitored, illustrated and a season phenogram was established. The pollen viability and germination were also evaluated. In order to test compatibility, the hand pollination using two selected pollinizer pollens was compared to open pollination. Then, the compatibility system was monitored and evaluated through analysis of crossing diallel programs and through the index of self-incompatibility. The flowering periods are genotype depending and one to three blooms have been observed during the two years study (2018-2019) and the argane tree is a tristylous species (Mesostylous, brevistylous and longistylous flowers). The in vitro tests showed that the pollen originated from crossed genotypes were viable and able to germinate. The cross-compatibility rate depends on cross associations and it varies from 39 to 84 %. In fact, this study showed that the effect of pollen-parent (xenia) occurs in all fruit components of argane tree. It was observed, for the first time, that both compatible pollinizers and xenic effects of pollen on argane fruit have occurred. Artificial pollination is currently feasible for breeding programs and the screening of elite genotypes. Then the selected pollinizer is quite required for the development of argane tree cropping.

Antimutagenic, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Properties of Sea Grape Leaf Extract Fractions (Coccoloba uvifera L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Ramos-Hernández ◽  
Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo ◽  
Armando Burgos-Hernández ◽  
Joel S. García- Romo ◽  
Arturo Navarro-Ocaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Antimutagenic Activity ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Grape Leaf ◽  
First Time

Background: Cancer is a disease characterized by the invasion and uncontrolled growth of cells. One of the best ways to minimize the harmful effects of mutagens is through the use of natural antimutagens. In this regard, the search for new antimutagens that act in the chemoprevention could represent a promising field in this area. Objective: In this study biological potential of 11 fractions from Coccoloba uvifera L. leaf hexane extract was evaluated by several in vitro tests. Methods: Leaves were lyophilized and hexane extraction was performed. The extract was fractionated by column chromatography with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimutagenic (Ames test), antiproliferative (MTT test), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, and ferrous ion chelation) of the fractions were evaluated. Results: Fractions 4, 6, 8, and 9 have antimutagenic activity (against sodium azide in strain TA100), fraction 11 showed antiproliferative capacity (IC50 of 24 ± 9 μg/mL in cells of HCT 116). The fractions with the highest activity were analyzed by HPLC-MS and lupeol, acacetin, and β-sitosterol were identified. Conclusion: This study demonstrates, for the first time, the bioactivity of C. uvifera leaf as a new source of high biological value compounds (HBVC), which can be of interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries.

scholarly journals Antiprotozoal Activity Against Entamoeba histolytica of Flavonoids Isolated from Lippia graveolens Kunth

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Ramiro Quintanilla-Licea ◽  
Javier Vargas-Villarreal ◽  
María Julia Verde-Star ◽  
Verónica Mayela Rivas-Galindo ◽  
Ángel David Torres-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Antiprotozoal Activity ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Antiamoebic Activity ◽  
Work Up ◽  
First Time

Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is nowadays a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Annually, up to 100,000 deaths occur across the world. Due to the resistance that pathogenic protozoa exhibit against commercial antiprotozoal drugs, a growing emphasis has been placed on plants used in traditional medicine to discover new antiparasitics. Previously, we reported the in vitro antiamoebic activity of a methanolic extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano). In this study, we outline the isolation and structure elucidation of antiamoebic compounds occurring in this plant. The subsequent work-up of this methanol extract by bioguided isolation using several chromatographic techniques yielded the flavonoids pinocembrin (1), sakuranetin (2), cirsimaritin (3), and naringenin (4). Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by spectroscopic/spectrometric analyses and comparing literature data. These compounds revealed significant antiprotozoal activity against E. histolytica trophozoites using in vitro tests, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 28 to 154 µg/mL. Amebicide activity of sakuranetin and cirsimaritin is reported for the first time in this study. These research data may help to corroborate the use of this plant in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia.

scholarly journals Anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway for pit latrine decomposition and is limited by intrinsic factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2242-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam H. A. van Eekert ◽  
Walter T. Gibson ◽  
Belen Torondel ◽  
Faraji Abilahi ◽  
Bernard Liseki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
First Time

Abstract In vitro methods were used to assess the full potential for decomposition (measured as biogas formation) from pit latrine samples taken from the top layer of 15 Tanzanian latrines. We found considerable variability in the decomposition rate and extent. This was compared with decomposition in the same latrines, measured by comparing top layer composition with fresh stools and deeper (older) layers, to assess whether this potential was realised in situ. Results showed a close match between the extent of organic material breakdown in situ and in vitro, indicating that anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway in latrines. The average potential decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (determined as methane production in vitro within 60 days) and actual measured decrease in situ are 68.9% ± 11.3 and 69.7% ± 19.4, respectively. However in the in vitro tests, where samples were diluted in water, full decomposition was achieved in 2 months, whereas in situ it can take years; this suggests that water addition may offer a simple route to improving latrine performance. The results also allowed us to estimate, for the first time to our knowledge using experimental data, the contribution that latrines make to greenhouse gas emissions globally. This amounts to ∼2% of annual US emissions.

Viability and in Vitro Germination of Johnsongrass (Sorghum Halepense) Pollen

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Burke ◽  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
Nina S. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Germination ◽  
Agar Culture

A high proportion of viable pollen grains must germinate to study the physiology of pollen growth to reduce the confounding effects of environmental influences on pollen germination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the nuclear state and develop a suitable medium and culture method for in vitro germination of johnsongrass pollen. Johnsongrass pollen was trinucleate, and in vitro tests for pollen viability using Alexander's stain and a fluorochromatic reaction method (FCR) indicated johnsongrass pollen was viable (92.6 to 98.4%). A factorial treatment arrangement of four concentrations of sucrose, two concentrations of boric acid, and two concentrations of calcium nitrate were used to determine the optimum pollen-germination medium composition in suspension culture, agar culture, and cellophane membrane culture. Germination was highest in a suspension culture with a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose, 2.4 mM boric acid, and 3 mM calcium nitrate. Pollen germination using this medium was 78.9% when anthers were harvested just before anthesis.

scholarly journals Ehretia pubescens Benth. with differential germinability patterns due to climate change

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Amalaurpava Mary Michael* ◽  
Gopal G.V.
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Floral Phenology ◽  
The Impact

Climate change may influence the composition of plant communities by affecting the reproduction, growth, establishment and local extinction of plant species. Predicting the effect of climate change may provide insight into the impact and relationship between weather pattern and flowering phenology in long term studies. Pollen viability is one important factor of reproduction. Pollen viability is essential for a good fruit set. The study is undertaken to evaluate the influence of temperature and rainfall fluctuation pattern on floral phenology and pollen viability in the restricted distribution of the plant Ehretia pubescens Benth. Field observation on floral phenology has revealed changes occurring in the pollen viability with the change of temperature and rainfall. The plants show drought resistant; however, it is observed that it blooms immediately after the rainfall. Change in the rainfall pattern results in change in flowering pattern. On the natural habitat fruit set is a good indicating of good germinability of pollen grain in vivo. In vitro pollen germinability is less efficient for this species as supported by the data.

scholarly journals Cross-compatibility of five highbush blueberry varieties and ideal crossing combinations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keanu Martin ◽  
Corneile Minnaar ◽  
Marinus de Jager ◽  
Bruce Anderson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Compatibility Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Fruit Mass

AbstractBlueberry plants require large quantities of pollen deposited on stigmas to produce commercial-quality fruit. Like many agricultural crops, the interaction between pollen-source variety and pollen-recipient variety can be a major determinant of fruit quality in blueberries. However, little information exists to guide growers in optimising fruit set and quality. Using five commonly grown blueberry varieties, I determined whether crossing between varieties (inter-varietal) increased fruit mass and decreased developmental time relative to crossing within a variety (intra-varietal), and if so, what the best crossing combinations are. While intra-varietal pollination often produced fruit, for certain varieties the fruit set and fruit mass were highly reduced compared to inter-varietal pollination. Furthermore, intra-varietal pollination resulted in longer fruit developmental time in comparison to pollination between varieties. For the same pollen-recipient variety, inter-varietal crosses typically outperformed intra-varietal crosses in fruit mass and developmental time; however, the extent to which inter-varietal crosses outperformed intra-varietal crosses differed between pollen-donor varieties. This result suggests that combinations of varieties are not trivial as some inter-varietal combinations may outperform others. Furthermore, some varieties appear to be more susceptible to the negative effects of intra-varietal crosses than others and that less susceptible varieties may be better suited to conditions where pollinator movement is poor. While our study can guide growers in determining optimal co-planting schemes for the varieties tested, for example in South Africa where these varieties are frequently grown. It also serves as a blueprint for similar compatibility studies that can easily be performed prior to planting to determine the best inter-varietal combinations.

scholarly journals Pod set and Pollen Viability Studies in Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata sub sp. sesquipedalis)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-172
Author(s):  
Merin E G ◽  
Sarada S ◽  
Celine V A
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Hand Pollination

A study was conducted in a yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata sup/ssp. sesquipedalis) hybrid VS 50 (Kakkamoola Local) x VS 26 (Vellayani Jyothika) to assess the percentage fruit set at two time intervals and to identify the best time interval for pollination in yard long bean hybrids. Hand pollination was done using VS 50 as female parent and VS 26 as male parent for seven consecutive days at two time intervals, 6.30 – 7.30 am and 7.30 – 8.30 am. Higher percentage of fruit set (36.8 %) was observed between 6:30 – 7:30 a.m. as compared to the time interval 7:30 – 8:30 am. (23.8%). Pollen viability was determined for the parents VS 50 (Kakkamoola Local) and VS 26 (Vellayani Jyothika) at 6.30, 7.30 and 8.30 am. Highest pollen viability for both the parents VS 50 and VS 26 was observed during 7.30 am. The present study shows that the best time interval for crossing in yard long bean is 6.30- 7.30 a.m.

scholarly journals Investigations of suitable pollinator for 0900 Ziraat sweet cherry cv.: pollen performance tests, germination tests, germination procedures, in vitro and in vivo pollinations

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tosun ◽  
F. Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Pollen Performance ◽  
Growth Experiments

The objective of this study was to determine suitable cultivars to be used as pollinators for 0900 Ziraat. 0900 Ziraat was used as a female cultivar; Bigarreu Gaucher, Bing, Noble, Starks Gold, Stella, Van, and Vista were used for pollination in the experiments. Starks Gold had the highest values in terms of anther number, average number of pollens per anther, number of pollen per flower and the morphological homogeneity. The pollen viability rates showed significant differences according to stain tests. <i>In vitro</i> pollen germination in 0.5% agar + 15% sucrose + 5 ppm boric acid medium increased with increasing incubation period, and the highest germination was obtained after 48 hours for all cultivars. In orchard trials parallel to pollen tube growth experiments in the laboratory, 0900 Ziraat &times; Starks Gold combination gave the best fruit set results.

scholarly journals Illustrated guide to the classification of banana seeds and embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manassés dos Santos Silva ◽  
Taise Conceição Rodrigues ◽  
Fabiana Ferraz Aud ◽  
Janay Almeida dos Santos-Serejo ◽  
Edson Perito Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
First Time

Abstract Considering there is no illustrated scale of the principle anomalies observed for banana seeds, the objective of this guide is to cover in detail, for the first time, the categories to classify the most common types of anomalies observed in banana embryos and seeds, as well as in vitro embryo rescue and culture, taking into account the experience acquired by the banana breeding program at Embrapa in Brazil. Four classes to classify the seeds were proposed and with regards to classifying the embryos, eight classes were established.

scholarly journals Pollen viability and stigma receptivity in Swainsona formosa (G.Don) J.Thompson (Fabaceae), an ornamental legume native to Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-167
Author(s):  
Zulkarnain Zulkarnain ◽  
Eliyanti Eliyanti ◽  
Elly Indra Swari
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Total Darkness ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Dry Conditions

Pollen viability and stigma receptivity are prerequisites for successful cross-pollination and seed set in Swainsona formosa. In this study, the pollen viabilities and stigma receptivities was assayed by in vitro pollen germination and simple hand-pollination method on glasshouse-grown plants, respectively. The viability of pollen grains was tested under three different storage conditions: 1) pollen grains were left on the plant in the glasshouse under natural conditions, 2) pollen grains were harvested and kept at a low temperature (4 o C) in total darkness, and 3) pollen grains were kept in a dry freezer (-10 o C) and in total darkness. Meanwhile, stigma receptivity was determined by hand-pollination using fresh pollen grains on flower of glasshouse-grown plants at one day before anther dehiscence up to 8 days after anther dehiscence. The results showed that pollen grains could be stored at 4 o C for up to 28 days without significantly losing their viability. Pollen longevity could be extended beyond two months when stored at -10 o C and under dry conditions. These findings provided a simple and economically sound method for storage of S. formosa pollen. In addition, stigma receptivity was found to be receptive from one day before anther dehiscence and reached its peak within four days after anther dehiscence. These results provide a valuable background to the conventional breeding of this species to create hybrids through cross-pollination

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