scholarly journals Common and distinct neurofunctional representations of core and social disgust in the brain: An ALE meta-analysis and MACM characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianyang Gan ◽  
Xinqi Zhou ◽  
Jialin Li ◽  
Guojuan Jiao ◽  
Xi Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Response Network ◽  
The Social ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Social Communicative ◽  
Communicative Signals ◽  
Core Disgust

ABSTRACTDisgust represents a multifaceted defensive-avoidance response. On the behavioral level, the response includes withdrawal and a disgust-specific facial expression. While both serve the avoidance of pathogens the latter additionally transmits social-communicative information. Given that common and distinct brain representation of the primary defensive-avoidance response (core disgust) and encoding of the social-communicative signal (social disgust) remain debated we employed neuroimaging meta-analyses to (1) determine brain systems generally engaged in disgust processing, and (2) segregate common and distinct brain systems for core and social disgust. Disgust processing, in general, engaged a bilateral network encompassing the insula, amygdala, occipital and prefrontal regions. Core disgust evoked stronger reactivity in left-lateralized threat detection and defensive response network including amygdala, occipital and frontal regions while social disgust engaged a right-lateralized superior temporal-frontal network engaged in social cognition. Anterior insula, inferior frontal and fusiform regions were commonly engaged during core and social disgust suggesting a common neural basis. We demonstrate a common and separable neural basis of primary disgust responses and encoding of associated social-communicative signals.

Meta-Analyses as a Multi-Level Model

2019 ◽  
pp. 109442811985747
Author(s):  
Janaki Gooty ◽  
George C. Banks ◽  
Andrew C. Loignon ◽  
Scott Tonidandel ◽  
Courtney E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Independence Assumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Organizational Sciences

Meta-analyses are well known and widely implemented in almost every domain of research in management as well as the social, medical, and behavioral sciences. While this technique is useful for determining validity coefficients (i.e., effect sizes), meta-analyses are predicated on the assumption of independence of primary effect sizes, which might be routinely violated in the organizational sciences. Here, we discuss the implications of violating the independence assumption and demonstrate how meta-analysis could be cast as a multilevel, variance known (Vknown) model to account for such dependency in primary studies’ effect sizes. We illustrate such techniques for meta-analytic data via the HLM 7.0 software as it remains the most widely used multilevel analyses software in management. In so doing, we draw on examples in educational psychology (where such techniques were first developed), organizational sciences, and a Monte Carlo simulation (Appendix). We conclude with a discussion of implications, caveats, and future extensions. Our Appendix details features of a newly developed application that is free (based on R), user-friendly, and provides an alternative to the HLM program.

scholarly journals TRIZ Theory and the Method of Cancer Document Selection for Chemical Complexes and Innovation Schemes of Meta-Analysis with Lymphomas as an Example

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yan Huiquan ◽  
Lyu Penghui ◽  
Wang Ling ◽  
Yu Zhiming
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Mining System ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Meta Analyses

In the face of the growing incidence of malignant tumors (about 3.929 million, data issued in January 2019) and the death rate (about 2.338 million, data issued in January 2019) and the limitation of the application of informatics in cancer treatment, this paper tried to use TRIZ theory to deduce new ideas about cancer treatments, perform literature analysis on schemes, and make retrieval strategy for meta-analyses on cancer therapy. By using TRIZ theory and information to analyze the fields of cancers, the research schemes for selecting documents on cancer therapy were presented. After retrieving the documents, we exported all those articles in text format. We further analyzed the research status with the software CiteSpace and Bibliographic Information Mining System (BICOMS) by using different keywords, regions, countries, schools, authors, geography, institutes, etc. We also performed the cluster analysis by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and performed two-way cluster analysis by using Gluto software. The hot areas of research and their tendency or distribution were analyzed. The search strategy was set and the retrieving results were tried.

Het kwantitatief integreren van empirische studies: de methode van meta-analyse

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marise Ph. Born ◽  
Stefan T. Mol
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Many ◽  
Quantitative Integration ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Research Domain

Quantitatively integrating empirical studies: The method of meta-analysis Quantitatively integrating empirical studies: The method of meta-analysis Marise Ph. Born & Stefan T. Mol, Gedrag & Organisatie, Volume 19, September 2006, nr. 3, pp. 251-271 Meta-analysis is a quantitative integration of results of a series of empirical studies into a specific research question. The method of meta-analysis has obtained a dominant position in the social sciences and beyond, as it may help in obtaining an overview of the explosively increased number of research publications. This contribution discusses the basics and consecutive steps in performing a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis that we conducted on expatriates serves as an illustration. Next to the many points in favor of meta-analyses, such as having a better overview of a research domain and shifting the traditional focus on significances of effects to sizes of effects, several important controversies remain. One of these is the issue of waving away a specific cause of variance in research findings as a methodological artifact, or interpreting it as a meaningful case of variance. We maintain that every social or industrial- and organizational psychologist who wants to stay up-to-date scientifically should be able to interpret meta-analyses.

Graphical Presentation of Results

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Lortie ◽  
Joseph Lau ◽  
Marc J. Lajeunesse
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Error Bar ◽  
Funnel Plots ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Visualizations of data are one of the most compelling means to effectively communicate ideas in science. Graphs present data in a visual form enabling the reader to read values, identify patterns, assess the outcome of a statistical technique, or analyze relationships within or between variables. Effective visualizations of meta-analyses have been discussed extensively in the evidence-based medical literature and to a lesser extent in ecology and evolutionary biology. The two most common meta-analysis plots are derived from the social sciences and include (1) modified error bar plots called forest plots used to summarize and compare weighted mean effects, and (2) meta-regression plots (scatterplots with significant fit lines) used to show the relationship between main effects and covariates. This chapter describes these two standard meta-analysis plots and provides sample graphics to illustrate usage. Details are also included for the use of simple histograms and funnel plots.

scholarly journals Verbally mediated cooperation is consistently associated with inter-brain synchrony in frontal and temporoparietal areas: A mini-review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Czeszumski ◽  
Sophie Hsin-Yi Liang ◽  
Suzanne Dikker ◽  
Peter König ◽  
Chin-Pang Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Cooperation, often supported through verbal communication, is vital to the survival of our species. Recent research has suggested that cooperative behavior is associated with synchronized neural activity between dyads in the frontal and temporo-parietal regions, consistent with findings from single-brain laboratory studies. However, these studies use a variety of cooperation tasks, raising the question whether the reported results can be reliably linked to truly dynamic, verbally supported cooperation. To establish which of these regions, if any, consistently track naturalistic cooperative behavior, we conducted a brief review and meta-analysis of published functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning studies examining the occurrence of inter-brain synchrony during cooperative interactions as participants engaged in verbal communication. Nine articles (n=737 participants) met selection criteria and provided evidence of inter-brain synchrony during spoken communication while cooperating, with significantly large overall effect sizes for the full set of experimental conditions in both frontal and temporoparietal areas, suggesting that inter-brain neural synchronization in these regions underlies cooperative behavior in humans. Together, our findings underscore the importance of meta-analyses as a tool to help discern patterns across studies, in this case shedding light on the neural basis of semi-naturalistic cooperative behavior.

scholarly journals Temporal Trends in Effect Sizes: Causes, Detection, and Implications

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Michael D. Jennions ◽  
Joseph Lau
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Over Time

The general aim of meta-analysis is to combine scientific evidence scattered through a number of individual studies addressing the same topic. Evidence, however, is not static and tends to evolve over time due to changes in research methods, changes in the characteristics of the subjects being studied, for example. A number of recent studies in ecology and evolution have shown that temporal trends in effect sizes are common and often quite dramatic in these fields. Temporal changes in effect sizes could jeopardize the stability of conclusions (i.e., the conclusions of meta-analyses on the same topic conducted in different years might differ). For these reasons, this chapter is devoted to temporal changes in effect sizes. It first summarizes the findings of studies that examined temporal changes in the magnitude and direction of effect sizes in ecology, evolutionary biology, medicine, and the social sciences. It then discusses their possible causes, methods of detection, and implications for the interpretation of the results of the meta-analysis.

Mother-Child Interaction in Preverbal Children with Down Syndrome

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Maternal Responsiveness ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Mother Child Interaction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Communicative ◽  
Communicative Signals ◽  
Preverbal Children

The social-communicative transactions between 5 preverbal children with Down syndrome and their mothers were compared with those of 5 developmentally matched nonretarded child-mother dyads. Although overall similarities were evidenced, between-group differences were observed in the percentage of child-initiated social-communicative signals used and in the levels of contingent maternal responsiveness.

scholarly journals The neural basis of creative production: A cross-modal ALE meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Brown ◽  
Eunseon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Creative Task ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Creative Production

One of the central questions about the cognitive neuroscience of creativity is the extent to which creativity depends on either domain-specific or domain-general mechanisms. To address this question, we carried out two parallel activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of creativity: 1) a motoric analysis that combined studies across five domains of creative production (verbalizing, music, movement, writing, and drawing), and 2) an analysis of the Alternate Uses divergent-thinking task. All experiments contained a contrast between a creative task and a matched non-creative or less-creative task that controlled for the sensorimotor demands of task performance. The activation profiles of the two meta-analyses were non-overlapping, but both pointed to a domain-specific interpretation in which creative production is, at least in part, an enhancement of sensorimotor brain areas involved in non-creative production. The most concordant areas of activation in the motoric meta-analysis were high-level motor areas such as the pre-supplementary motor area and inferior frontal gyrus that interface motor planning and executive control, suggesting a means of uniting domain-specificity and -generality in creative production.

scholarly journals Social Support and Longevity: Meta-Analysis-Based Evidence and Psychobiological Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Vila
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Over the past 60 years, evidence has accumulated on the fundamental role of supportive social relationships in individual health and longevity. This paper first summarizes the results of 23 meta-analyses published between 1994 and 2021, which include 1,187 longitudinal and cross-sectional studies with more than 1,458 million participants. The effect sizes reported in these meta-analyses are highly consistent with regard to the predicted link between social support and reduced disease and mortality; the meta-analyses also highlight various theoretical and methodological issues concerning the multi-dimensionality of the social support concept and its measurements, and the need to control potential confounding and moderator variables. This is followed by an analysis of the experimental evidence from laboratory studies on psychobiological mechanisms that may explain the effect of social support on health and longevity. The stress-buffering hypothesis is examined and extended to incorporate recent findings on the inhibitory effect of social support figures (e.g., the face of loved ones) on fear learning and defensive reactions alongside evidence on the effect of social support on brain networks that down-regulate the autonomic nervous system, HPA axis, and immune system. Finally, the paper discusses the findings in the context of three emerging research areas that are helping to advance and consolidate the relevance of social factors for human health and longevity: (a) convergent evidence on the effects of social support and adversity in other social mammals, (b) longitudinal studies on the impact of social support and adversity across each stage of the human lifespan, and (c) studies that extend the social support framework from individual to community and societal levels, drawing implications for large-scale intervention policies to promote the culture of social support.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of the social facilitation of eating

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen K Ruddock ◽  
Jeffrey M Brunstrom ◽  
Lenny R Vartanian ◽  
Suzanne Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Background Research suggests that people tend to eat more when eating with other people, compared with when they eat alone, and this is known as the social facilitation of eating. However, little is known about when and why this phenomenon occurs. Objectives This review aimed to quantify the evidence for social facilitation of eating and identify moderating factors and underlying mechanisms. Methods We systematically reviewed studies that used experimental and nonexperimental approaches to examine food intake/food choice as a function of the number of co-eaters. The following databases were searched during April 2019: PsychInfo, Embase, Medline, and Social Sciences Citation Index. Studies that used naturalistic techniques were narratively synthesized, and meta-analyses were conducted to synthesize results from experimental studies. Results We reviewed 42 studies. We found strong evidence that people select and eat more when eating with friends, compared with when they eat alone [Z = 5.32; P < 0.001; standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.03]. The meta-analysis revealed no evidence for social facilitation across studies that had examined food intake when participants ate alone or with strangers/acquaintances (Z = 1.32; P = 0.19; SMD = 0.21, 95% CI: −0.10, 0.51). There was some evidence that the social facilitation of eating is moderated by gender, weight status, and food type. However, this evidence was limited by a lack of experimental research examining the moderating effect of these factors on the social facilitation of eating among friends. In 2 studies, there was evidence that the effect of the social context on eating may be partly mediated by longer meal durations and the perceived appropriateness of eating. Conclusions Findings suggest that eating with others increases food intake relative to eating alone, and this is moderated by the familiarity of co-eaters. The review identifies potential mechanisms for the social facilitation of eating and highlights the need for further research to establish mediating factors. Finally, we propose a new theoretical framework in which we suggest that the social facilitation of eating has evolved as an efficient evolutionary adaptation.

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