scholarly journals Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma do not facilitate antibody-dependent enhance of viral infection.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha M Clark ◽  
Sanath Kumar Janaka ◽  
William Hartman ◽  
Susan Stramer ◽  
Erin Goodhue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Antibody Dependent Enhancement ◽  
Gamma Receptor ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in the death of nearly 4 million people within the last 18 months. While preventive vaccination and monoclonal antibody therapies have been rapidly developed and deployed, early in the pandemic the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was a common means of passive immunization, with the theoretical risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral infection remaining undetermined. Though vaccines elicit a strong and protective immune response, and transfusion of CCP with high titers of neutralization activity are correlated with better clinical outcomes, the question of whether antibodies in CCP can enhance infection of SARS-CoV2 has not been directly addressed. In this study, we analyzed for and observed passive transfer of neutralization activity with CCP transfusion. Furthermore, to specifically understand if antibodies against the spike protein (S) enhance infection, we measured the anti-S IgG, IgA, and IgM responses and adapted retroviral-pseudotypes to measure virus neutralization with target cells expressing the ACE2 virus receptor and the Fc alpha receptor (FcaR) or Fc gamma receptor IIA (FcgRIIA). Whereas neutralizing activity of CCP correlated best with higher titers of anti-S IgG antibodies, the neutralizing titer was not affected when Fc receptors were present on target cells. These observations support the absence of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) by IgG and IgA isotypes found in CCP. The results presented, therefore, support the clinical use of currently available antibody-based treatment including the continued study of CCP transfusion strategies.

scholarly journals Cutaneous manifestations in children with the new coronavirus infection COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
O. B. Tamrazova ◽  
A. S. Stadnikova ◽  
E. V. Rudikova
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Skin Manifestations ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In late 2019, a new viral infection appeared in China, which spread around the world, causing a pandemic. The causative agent of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 is the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The review presents modern data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and course of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 in children. Chinese, American and European scientists have described a variety of cutaneous manifestations in children with COVID-19. The article provides a literature review of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 coronavirus infection in children. During our own observation of 301 patients with coronavirus infection COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 at the Bashlyaevs Children Hospital in Moscow from May 17 to November 16, 2020, it was revealed that 39 (13 %) patients had skin manifestations. The article presents a classification of skin manifestations characteristic of COVID-19. A brief description of each group is given.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: a major public health crisis for the developed and developing world

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 366-369
Author(s):  
Rooh Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Suleman Rana ◽  
Mehmood Qadir ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Niaz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Day By Day

Pandemic of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China is now become global public health crisis. At present 87.64% of the world is infected by this deadly illness. The risk from this epidemic depends on the nature of the virus, including how well it transmits from person to person, and the complications resulting from this current illness. The novel coronavirus has killed thousands of people in China and other countries as well; its rate of mortality is increasing day by day. There is an urgent need to control the virus by developing vaccine or any other antiviral drugs to save the world from this deadly viral infection.

scholarly journals TOPICS ON MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NOVEL CORONAVIRUS SPECIES SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 043-048
Author(s):  
Bruna Letícia Domingues Molinari
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Since December 2019, a new coronavirus species named SARS-CoV-2 has been related to thousands of cases of severe respiratory disease worldwide, been considered a public health issue. Molecular comparisons between isolates from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus species showed identity levels around 79% with the human strain SARS-CoV. However, sequence homology analysis showed that the most closely related known viruses with SARS-CoV-2 are two bat SL-CoVs (~89%), revealing similar evolutionary relationships and evidences that bats can act as reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2. Despite this, viral RNA has been detected in two dogs and two cats belonging to SARS-CoV-2 infected owners, in Hong Kong and Belgium, and in one tiger maintained at the Bronx Zoo in New York City. Additionally, ferrets and cats are found to be highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 in an experiment carried out in a controlled environment. However, there is no evidence of these animals acting as reservoirs of the virus. Despite the high genetic identity found among SARS-CoV-2 strains, mutations have been identified, mostly in the structural protein S gene, but until now, there is no enough evidence to relate specific mutation in the viral genome to a higher number of infected patients or death.

scholarly journals The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hoffmann ◽  
Hannah Kleine-Weber ◽  
Nadine Krüger ◽  
Marcel Müller ◽  
Christian Drosten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cellular Protease

AbstractThe emergence of a novel, highly pathogenic coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, in China, and its rapid national and international spread pose a global health emergency. Coronaviruses use their spike proteins to select and enter target cells and insights into nCoV-2019 spike (S)-driven entry might facilitate assessment of pandemic potential and reveal therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate that 2019-nCoV-S uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor, ACE2, for entry and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for 2019-nCoV-S priming. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Finally, we show that the serum form a convalescent SARS patient neutralized 2019-nCoV-S-driven entry. Our results reveal important commonalities between 2019-nCoV and SARS-coronavirus infection, which might translate into similar transmissibility and disease pathogenesis. Moreover, they identify a target for antiviral intervention.One sentence summaryThe novel 2019 coronavirus and the SARS-coronavirus share central biological properties which can guide risk assessment and intervention.

scholarly journals Russian Medical Society for Arterial Hypertension Expert Consensus: Hypertension and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Irina E. Chazova ◽  
Natalia V. Blinova ◽  
Vera A. Nevzorova ◽  
Juliya V. Zhernakova ◽  
Mikhail P. Savenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Russian Medical

The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the b-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and leads to acute respiratory distress-syndrome, has affected more than nineteen million people worldwide, resulting in 0.7 million deaths as of August 2020. The fact that the virus uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a receptor for entering the target cell, and the high prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases among patients with COVID-19, have caused serious discussions on the management of such patients. This consensus of experts from the Russian Medical Society for Arterial Hypertension analyzed the existing data on the relationship between COVID-19 and hypertension, the pathophysiological aspects of the penetration of the virus into target cells and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with hypertension and COVID-19.

scholarly journals The sequence at Spike S1/S2 site enables cleavage by furin and phospho-regulation in SARS-CoV2 but not in SARS-CoV1 or MERS-CoV

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihkel Örd ◽  
Ilona Faustova ◽  
Mart Loog
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cleavage Motif ◽  
Left Middle ◽  
Surprising Finding

Abstract The Spike protein of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 contains an insertion 680SPRRAR↓SV687 forming a cleavage motif RxxR for furin-like enzymes at the boundary of S1/S2 subunits. Cleavage at S1/S2 is important for efficient viral entry into target cells. The insertion is absent in other CoV-s of the same clade, including SARS-CoV1 that caused the 2003 outbreak. However, an analogous cleavage motif was present at S1/S2 of the Spike protein of the more distant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV. We show that a crucial third arginine at the left middle position, comprising a motif RRxR is required for furin recognition in vitro, while the general motif RxxR in common with MERS-CoV is not sufficient for cleavage. Further, we describe a surprising finding that the two serines at the edges of the insert SPRRAR↓SV can be efficiently phosphorylated by proline-directed and basophilic protein kinases. Both phosphorylations switch off furin’s ability to cleave the site. Although phospho-regulation of secreted proteins is still poorly understood, further studies, supported by a recent report of ten in vivo phosphorylated sites in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV2, could potentially uncover important novel regulatory mechanisms for SARS-CoV2.

scholarly journals A SARS-CoV-2-ellenes antitestekkel végzett terápia helye a COVID–19 kezelésében

2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (51) ◽  
pp. 2030-2039
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Made In

Összefoglaló. Az új típusú koronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) okozta fertőzés és a COVID–19 elleni küzdelem egyik lehetősége a SARS-CoV-2-ellenes neutralizáló antitestekkel végzett passzív immunizáció. Az utóbbi időben számos készítmény jutott el a klinikai kipróbálásig. Az alábbiakban áttekintjük ezen készítmények legfőbb tulajdonságait és az antitest-terápiával elért klinikai eredményeket. Ezek alapján elsősorban prehospitálisan, az állapotprogresszió szempontjából leginkább veszélyeztetett populációnál alkalmazva, e készítmények jelentősen csökkenthetik az állapotromlás esélyét és a kórházi ellátás igényét, ezáltal javíthatják a kimenetelt, és mérsékelhetik az egészségügyi ellátórendszer terhelését. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(51): 2030–2039. Summary. Passive immunization is a therapeutic option in the fight against the infection caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19. Significant advances have been made in the development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Here we discuss the antibodies under clinical trial and the published data regarding their clinical efficacy. Based on these, when given to non-hospitalized patients at high risk for disease progression, these antibodies can significantly reduce worsening of the disease and the need for hospitalization. This can improve the outcomes of patients and help reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(51): 2030–2039.

scholarly journals Sea Urchin Pigments as Potential Therapeutic Agents Against the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Based on in Silico Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Susana Barbieri ◽  
Tamara Rubilar ◽  
Ayelén Gázquez ◽  
Marisa Avaro ◽  
Erina Noé Seiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
In Silico ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Silico Analysis

Several studies have been published regarding the interaction between the spike protein of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor in the host cells. In the presente work, we evaluated the in silico properties of two sea urchin pigments, Echinochrome A (EchA) and Spinochromes (SpinA) against the Spike protein (S) towards finding a potential therapeutic drug against the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The best ensemble docking pose of EchaA and SpinA showed a binding affinity of -5.9 and -6.7 kcal mol-1, respectively. The linked aminoacids (T505, G496 and Y449 for EchA and Y449, Q493 and G496 for SpinA) are in positions involved in ACE2 binding in both RBDs frim SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 suggesting that EchA and SpinA may interact with Spike proteins drom both viruses. The results suggest that these pigments could act as inhibitors of S protein, pointing them as antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2.<br>

scholarly journals Passive immunization: Paradoxical and traditional method for new pandemic challenge COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Iftikhar ◽  
Faiza Jabeen ◽  
Maleeha Manzoor ◽  
Tahira Younis ◽  
Mussarat Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
West African ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractWorld has been suffering from pandemic caused by mysterious Coronavirus. The novel member of Coronaviridae causing COVID-19 disease is named as SARS-Cov-2. Its first case was reported in China by the end of 2019, but its exponential spread has wrapped entire globe, suspended and is penalizing mankind. A retrospective meta-analysis study showed that outbreaks of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS-Cov-1 (Coronaviridae), influenza infection H1N1 and West-African Ebola caused lower mortality than this new pandemic COVID-19. Virus has appeared as a new human pathogen so to counter COVID-19 no specific vaccine, monoclonal antibodies have been manufactured till day. The outbreak of novel Coronavirus is treated with antimicrobial drugs but they have their own mild side effects. But the drastic spread of COVID-19 compels us also to use other ways to counter pandemic. Thus, passive immunization can be opted to hold back this mysterious virus. Passive immunization has been in use since early 20th century and showed its effectiveness against all previous infectious outbreaks including MERS and SARS-Cov-1 members of Coronaviridae. The review argues that convalescent plasma is an explicit option for containment of COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals Biochemical evidence of furin specificity and potential for phospho-regulation at Spike protein S1/S2 cleavage site in SARS-CoV2 but not in SARS-CoV1 or MERS-CoV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihkel Örd ◽  
Ilona Faustova ◽  
Mart Loog
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cleavage Motif ◽  
Left Middle ◽  
Surprising Finding

AbstractThe Spike protein of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 contains an insertion 680SPRRAR↓SV687 forming a cleavage motif RxxR for furin-like enzymes at the boundary of S1/S2 subunits. Cleavage at S1/S2 is important for efficient viral entry into target cells. The insertion is absent in other CoV-s of the same clade, including SARS-CoV1 that caused the 2003 outbreak. However, an analogous insertion was present in the Spike protein of the more distant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV. We show that a crucial third arginine at the left middle position, comprising a motif RRxR is required for furin recognition in vitro, while the general motif RxxR in common with MERS-CoV is not sufficient for cleavage. Further, we describe a surprising finding that the two serines at the edges of the insert SPRRAR↓SV can be efficiently phosphorylated by proline-directed and basophilic protein kinases. Both phosphorylations switch off furin’s ability to cleave the site. Although phosphoregulation of secreted proteins is still poorly understood, further studies, supported by a recent report of ten in vivo phosphorylated sites in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV2, could potentially uncover important novel regulatory mechanisms for SARS-CoV2.

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