scholarly journals Boundary extension is constrained by naturalistic image properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gandolfo ◽  
Hendrik Naegele ◽  
Marius V. Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Boundary Extension ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Set ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normalization Process

Boundary extension (BE) is a classical memory illusion in which observers remember more of a scene than was presented. According to predictive accounts, BE reflects the integration of visual input and expectations of what is beyond the boundaries of a scene. Alternatively, according to normalization accounts, BE reflects one end of a normalization process towards the typically-experienced viewing distance of a scene, such that BE and boundary contraction (BC) are equally common. Here, we show that BE and BC depend on depth-of-field (DOF), as determined by the aperture settings on a camera. Photographs with naturalistic DOF led to the strongest BE across a large stimulus set, while BC was primarily observed for unnaturalistic DOF. The relationship between DOF and BE was confirmed in three controlled experiments that isolated DOF from co-varying factors. In line with predictive accounts, we propose that BE is strongest for scene images that resemble day-to-day visual experience.

scholarly journals The world within reach: an image database of reach-relevant environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Louise Josephs ◽  
Haoyun Zhao ◽  
Talia Konkle
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Image Database ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
First Person ◽  
Stimulus Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Tight Connection ◽  
Scale Spaces ◽  
Main Activity

Near-scale spaces are a key component of our visual experience: whether for work or for leisure, we spend much of our days immersed in, and acting upon, the world within reach. Here, we present the Reachspace Database (RSDB), a novel stimulus set containing over 10,000 images depicting first person, reachable-scale, motor-relevant views (hereafter “reachspaces”), which reflect the visual input that an agent would experience while performing a task with her hands. These images are divided into over 350 categories, based on a taxonomy we developed, which captures information relating to the identity of each reachspace, including the broader setting and room it is found in, the locus of interaction (e.g., kitchen counter, desk), and the specific action it affords. Summary analyses of the taxonomy labels in the database suggest a tight connection between activities and the interaction spaces that support them: while a small number of rooms and interaction loci afford many diverse actions (e.g. workshops, tables), most reachspaces were relatively specialized, typically affording only one main activity (e.g. gas station pump, airplane cockpit, kitchen cutting board). Overall, this Reachspace Database represents a large sampling of reachable environments, and provides a new resource to support behavioral and neural research into the visual representation of reachable environments.

Maintaining a Collaborative Environment Between Turkey and Israel on the Issue of Energy Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-261
Author(s):  
Devrim Şahin ◽  
Ahmet Sözen
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Collaborative Environment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normalization Process

The discovery of energy sources in the Eastern Mediterranean region, while providing opportunities, further complicates Turkey-Israeli relationship. If Israel and Turkey can cooperate on energy, they can revitalize their relationship to the extent when the military elites were strong in Turkey and the relationship between two countries was established with the hands of generals. The 2016 Israel-Turkey agreement, which ended years of tension, provides Israel and Turkey with the opportunity to cooperate in energy areas. This collaboration, in turn, could generate the eventual emergence of the new ruling elites that would fill the vacuum created by the decline of the military's role in Turkey. It was the crisis management experience of the US that made the agreement between two countries possible in June 2016. Yet, any normalization process between Israel and Turkey will not be easy. US policy in the Mideast influences Turkey-Israel relations, and Turkey-Israel relations, in turn, affect the future of the Middle East. This obliges the US to bear a tremendous responsibility.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Berit Brogaard ◽  
Dimitria Electra Gatzia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Philosophy Of Art ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Event Perception ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
The Relationship

This volume explores questions not only related to traditional sensory perception, but also to proprioceptive, interoceptive, multisensory, and event perception, expanding traditional notions of the influence that conscious non-visual experience has on human behavior and rationality. Some essays investigate the role that emotions play in decision-making and agential perception and what this means for justifications of belief and knowledge; analyze the notion that some sensory experiences, such as touch, have epistemic privilege over others, as well as the relationship between perception and introspection, and the relationship between action perception and belief; and engage with topics in aesthetics and the philosophy of art, exploring the role that artworks can play in providing us with perceptional knowledge of emotions.

scholarly journals Visual experience drives sleep need in Drosophila

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Kirszenblat ◽  
Rebecca Yaun ◽  
Bruno van Swinderen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Repetitive Motion ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
Visual Mutant ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Sleep optimizes waking behavior, however, waking experience may also influence sleep. We used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the relationship between visual experience and sleep in wild-type and mutant flies. We found that the classical visual mutant, optomotor-blind (omb), which has undeveloped horizontal system/vertical system (HS/VS) motion-processing cells and are defective in motion and visual salience perception, showed dramatically reduced and less consolidated sleep compared to wild-type flies. In contrast, optogenetic activation of the HS/VS motion-processing neurons in wild-type flies led to an increase in sleep following the activation, suggesting an increase in sleep pressure. Surprisingly, exposing wild-type flies to repetitive motion stimuli for extended periods did not increase sleep pressure. However, we observed that exposing flies to more complex image sequences from a movie led to more consolidated sleep, particularly when images were randomly shuffled through time. Our results suggest that specific forms of visual experience that involve motion circuits and complex, nonrepetitive imagery, drive sleep need in Drosophila.

Structural Representation of Social Behavior in Rodents

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Robert Deitchman ◽  
Patrick Maloney ◽  
Ralph A. Alexander ◽  
Richard H. Haude
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Derived Categories ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Structural Representation ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Visual Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

The value of using multivariate techniques in categorization of behaviors derived from naturalistic observations was examined. It is suggested that these techniques are superior to the traditional methods of forming categories based on a priori conceptualizations, simply correlating the measures, or leaving the categorization of a multitude of behaviors to the reader. The present study used factor analytic techniques to identify both the number and nature of dimensions of rodents' social behaviors observed in the open field. Predictions as to the relationship between these derived categories and visual behaviors were then made. It was shown that rodents' social behavior is not unidimensional and is related to visual experience. Also, the utility of using multivariate statistics for both analyzing and categorizing a large number of behaviors was shown.

Destroying Uniformity: Using Fungi to Add a Tactile and Visual Experience to Functional Wood

Leonardo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Functional Context ◽  
The Relationship

Recent Western preference for functional wooden objects has promoted an ideal of clear, smooth, straight-grained lumber. However, wood does not need to be free of defects to be functional. This paper explores the relationship between decay and functionality in terms of parergonal aesthetics by presenting the use of fungi to alter surface texture and color on wooden bowls. In addition, the bowls' altered but functional state forces the viewer to reconsider modern views on the role of defect-free wood within a functional context.

scholarly journals Differential Sustained and Transient Temporal Processing Across Visual Streams

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Stigliani ◽  
Brianna Jeska ◽  
Kalanit Grill-Spector
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rapid Processing

ABSTRACTHow do high-level visual regions process the temporal aspects of our visual experience? While the temporal sensitivity of early visual cortex has been studied with fMRI in humans, temporal processing in high-level visual cortex is largely unknown. By modeling neural responses with millisecond precision in separate sustained and transient channels, and introducing a flexible encoding framework that captures differences in neural temporal integration time windows and response nonlinearities, we predict fMRI responses across visual cortex for stimuli ranging from 33 ms to 20 s. Using this innovative approach, we discovered that lateral category-selective regions respond to visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not sustained visual information. Thus, lateral category-selective regions compute moment-tomoment visual transitions, but not stable features of the visual input. In contrast, ventral category-selective regions respond to both sustained and transient components of the visual input. Responses to sustained stimuli exhibit adaptation, whereas responses to transient stimuli are surprisingly larger for stimulus offsets than onsets. This large offset transient response may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus when it is no longer visible, whereas the onset transient response may reflect rapid processing of new items. Together, these findings reveal previously unconsidered, fundamental temporal mechanisms that distinguish visual streams in the human brain. Importantly, our results underscore the promise of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the underlying neural computations.AUTHOR SUMMARYHow does the brain encode the timing of our visual experience? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a temporal encoding model with millisecond resolution, we discovered that visual regions in the lateral and ventral processing streams fundamentally differ in their temporal processing of the visual input. Regions in lateral temporal cortex process visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not the unchanging aspects of the visual input. That is, they compute moment-to-moment changes in the visual input. In contrast, regions in ventral temporal cortex process both stable and transient components, with the former exhibiting adaptation. Surprisingly, in these ventral regions responses to stimulus offsets were larger than onsets. We suggest that the former may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus, when it is no longer visible, and the latter may reflect rapid processing of new items at stimulus onset. Together, these findings (i) reveal a fundamental temporal mechanism that distinguishes visual streams and (ii) highlight both the importance and utility of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the temporal dynamics of neural computations in the human brain.

Binocular depth perception following early experience with interocular torsional disparity

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Shinkman ◽  
Brian Timney ◽  
Michael R. Isley
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Field Orientation ◽  
Visual Exposure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binocular Depth

AbstractThe relationship between the behavioral and physiological consequences of rearing with optically induced cyclotropia was assessed. Beginning at the age of 4 weeks, kittens wore goggles that rotated the visual field in opposite directions in each eye for several hours each day over a period of several weeks. The amounts of interocular rotation were 0 deg (control), 16 deg, and 32 deg. Subsequently, they were tested to determine their monocular and binocular depth thresholds and, in some cases, visual acuity. In several kittens recordings were also made from the visual cortex. Binocular performance of all kittens in the 0-deg condition and three out of six kittens in the 16-deg condition was comparable to, although slightly lower than, that of normally reared kittens. In contrast, none of the 32-deg kittens showed any evidence of the binocular superiority that would suggest the presence of stereopsis. Extracellular unit recordings from the visual cortex confirmed our earlier results with goggle-reared kittens. In 16-deg kittens, the distribution of the cells' preferred interocular disparities (IOD) in receptive-field orientation showed a compensating shift so that the mean matched the experienced rotational disparity. In the 32-deg kittens, binocularity was greatly disrupted and there was no compensatory shift in the IOD distribution. Two 32-deg kittens were afforded 3 years of subsequent normal visual experience. Both the behavioral and the physiological findings were unaffected by normal visual exposure in adulthood. Control measurements of acuity indicated that any deficits in depth perception were not due to reduced spatial-resolution abilities. The data indicate that the kitten visual system is able to maintain functional binocularity sufficient to subserve a moderate level of stereoacuity with interocular rotations of up to at least 16 deg.

Polarimetric Sensing Technique for Textile Material

2016 ◽  
Vol 368 ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Vik ◽  
Nayab Khan ◽  
Martina Viková ◽  
František Founě
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Passive Imaging ◽  
Imaging Polarimetry ◽  
Optical Light Microscopy ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geometrical Dimensions

The identification and measuring of geometrical dimensions of very small objects including textile is the biggest achievement of the image processing techniques. Not only the analysis of the basic structure of yarn like hairiness, thickness and number of twist but also the external structural analysis like twist parameters and linear density co-efficient is possible with outstanding approach of image analysis new techniques. Dyed polyester samples by using different dyestuffs were examined with the polarized light with the help of optical light microscopy. It was observed that the dyestuffs possess strong dichroism and the relationship between dichroism and the concentration of dyestuff was examined. Dark field and Bright field illuminations together with imaging polarimetry are compared in terms of depth of field tolerance and image quality. Experiments show that passive imaging polarimetry illumination is superior in terms of depth of field tolerance and contrast allowing significant improvement of textile structure investigation.

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