scholarly journals Transmission potential of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a federal prison, July-August 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip P. Salvatore ◽  
Christine C. Lee ◽  
Sadia Sleweon ◽  
David W. McCormick ◽  
Lavinia Nicolae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Federal Prison ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Public Health Practitioners

Background The extent to which vaccinated persons who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 contribute to transmission is unclear. During a SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant outbreak among incarcerated persons with high vaccination rates in a federal prison, we assessed markers of viral shedding in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. Methods Consenting incarcerated persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection provided mid-turbinate nasal specimens daily for 10 consecutive days and reported symptom data via questionnaire. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral whole genome sequencing, and viral culture was performed on these nasal specimens. Duration of RT-PCR positivity and viral culture positivity was assessed using survival analysis. Results A total of 978 specimens were provided by 95 participants, of whom 78 (82%) were fully vaccinated and 17 (18%) were not fully vaccinated. No significant differences were detected in duration of RT-PCR positivity among fully vaccinated participants (median: 13 days) versus those not fully vaccinated (median: 13 days; p=0.50), or in duration of culture positivity (medians: 5 days and 5 days; p=0.29). Among fully vaccinated participants, overall duration of culture positivity was shorter among Moderna vaccine recipients versus Pfizer (p=0.048) or Janssen (p=0.003) vaccine recipients. Conclusions As this field continues to develop, clinicians and public health practitioners should consider vaccinated persons who become infected with SARS-CoV-2 to be no less infectious than unvaccinated persons. These findings are critically important, especially in congregate settings where viral transmission can lead to large outbreaks.

Delayed oseltamivir treatment is associated with longer viral shedding of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. LEUNG ◽  
W. L. LIM ◽  
M. H. WONG ◽  
S. K. CHUANG
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Onset Date ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 2009 ◽  
Kinetics Of

SUMMARYDuring the early phase of the influenza pandemic in 2009, all cases of laboratory-confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) infection required compulsory isolation in hospital. These cases were offered oseltamivir treatment and only allowed to be discharged from the hospital when three consecutive respiratory specimens were negative for the virus by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). We reviewed the case records of these patients to assess the viral shedding kinetics of the pH1N1 virus. We defined viral shedding duration as the interval from illness onset date to the date of collection of the last positive specimen from the patients. Fifty-six patients were included in the study, of whom 96% received oseltamivir. The median viral shedding duration of pH1N1 virus by viral culture and RT–PCR were 3 days and 4 days, respectively. Patients who started oseltamivir treatment >48 h after onset had a significantly longer median viral shedding duration by viral culture than those who started treatment within 48 h of onset (4 days vs. 2 days, P=0·014).

scholarly journals Covid-19 Re-infection vs Prolonged Viral Shedding

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Barohn ◽  
Mary Hindle ◽  
Lauren Peck ◽  
Syed Hasan Raza Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Spread Of Infection

  Since December 2019, COVID 19 pandemic has devastated communities across the world. As number of patients recovered from COVID 19 continue to rise, question of acquired immunity versus chances of re-infection becomes critical to understand the future spread of infection. Here, we present a case of a patient previously recovered from COVID-19, develops new symptoms concerning for possible re-infection with positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after few months of initial infection.  

scholarly journals Viral RNA Shedding and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic and Pauci-symptomatic COVID-19 Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arghadip Samaddar ◽  
Ravisekhar Gadepalli ◽  
Vijaya Lakshmi Nag ◽  
Sanjeev Misra ◽  
Pankaj Bhardwaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Transmission Potential ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Test

Abstract We studied the pattern and duration of viral RNA shedding in 32 asymptomatic and 11 pauci-symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Viral RNA shedding in exhaled breath progressively diminished and became negative after six days of a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Therefore, the duration of isolation can be minimised to six days.

scholarly journals Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Nasopharynx, Blood, Urine and Stool of Patients with COVID 19: A Hospital-based Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Joukar ◽  
Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi ◽  
Mahmoud Khoshsorour ◽  
Sonbol Taromian ◽  
Lida Mahfoozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Virus Persistence ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Maximum Duration ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: This study was conducted to determine the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharynx, blood, urine and stool of patients with COVID-19.Methods: In this hospital based longitudinal study, 100 confirmed COVID-19 cases were recruited, between March and August 2020 in Guilan province (Northern Iran). Nasopharynx, blood, urine and stool samples were obtained from each patient at the time of hospital admission, discharge, followed by one week after discharge and every 2 weeks until all samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Survival analysis was used to identify the duration of virus persistence over time.Results: Positive blood, urine, stool RT-PCR were detected in 24%, 7% and 6% of patient respectively. The median duration of virus persistence in blood, urine and stool were 7 days (95% CI: 6.07–7.93), 6 days (95% CI: 4.16–8.41) and 13 days, 95% CI: 6.96–19.4), respectively. The maximum duration of virus persistent in blood, urine and stool were 17, 11 and 42 days from admission, respectively. Conclusions: According our results, until obtaining definite evidence of the duration of infective viral shedding, prolonged isolation duration at least 25 days from admission to hospital and strict hygienic measures for about one month were recommended.

scholarly journals Dysentery as the only presentation of COVID-19 in a child: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Tariverdi ◽  
Nazanin Farahbakhsh ◽  
Hamed Gouklani ◽  
Fatemeh Khosravifar ◽  
Mohammad Tamaddondar
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Respiratory Involvement ◽  
Positive Stool ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused irreparable damage to society, and the damage continues. Pediatricians are confronted with COVID-19 in a variety of presentations, which may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis of the disease plays an important role in preventing transmission of the virus in the community. Case presentation Here we report a 27-month-old previously healthy Iranian female child who presented with fever and bloody diarrhea, diagnosed with COVID-19 based on contact history, exclusion of enteric bacterial pathogens and parasites, and positive stool and nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. The patient had viral shedding for more than a month. Conclusions The pediatric population usually does not present with typical clinical features of COVID-19, which are respiratory involvement. Dysentery may be the only presentation of this disease, and long-term isolation should be considered, as the viral shedding may last for more than a month.

scholarly journals Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Patients with COVID-19 in a Later Phase

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujin Sohn ◽  
Su Jin Jeong ◽  
Won Suk Chung ◽  
Jong Hoon Hyun ◽  
Yae Jee Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Rna ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Later Phase

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a major global public health issue. SARS-CoV-2 infection is confirmed by the detection of viral RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prolonged viral shedding has been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the presence of viral RNA does not always correlate with infectivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to confirm the presence of viable virus in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients in the later phase of the disease, more than two weeks after diagnosis. Method: Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients who had been diagnosed with the disease at least two weeks previously and admitted to a community treatment center (CTC) from 15 March to 10 April 2020 were enrolled in this study. Nasopharyngeal and salivary swab specimens were collected from each patient. Using these specimens, RT-PCR assay and viral culture were performed. Result: In total, 48 patients were enrolled in this study. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patient groups. RT-PCR assay and viral culture of SARS-CoV-2 were performed using nasopharyngeal and salivary swabs. The results of RT-PCR performed using salivary swab specimens, in terms of cycle threshold (Ct) values, were similar to those of RT-PCR using nasopharyngeal swab specimens. In addition, no viable virus could be cultured from swab specimens collected from the late-phase COVID-19 patients with prolonged viral RNA shedding. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study suggests that even if viral shedding is sustained in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with later phase of COVID-19, it can be expected that the transmission risk of the virus is low. In addition, saliva can be used as a reliable specimen for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Viral Shedding among Re-Positive Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Positive Individuals in Republic of Korea

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2089
Author(s):  
Jeong-Min Kim ◽  
Boyeong Ryu ◽  
Young June Choe ◽  
Hye-Jun Jo ◽  
Hyeokjin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Test

This study investigated the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in individuals who re-tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after recovering from their primary illness. We investigated 295 individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results and 836 of their close contacts. We attempted virus isolation in individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results using cell culture and confirmed the presence of neutralizing antibodies using serological tests. Viral culture was negative in all 108 individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results in whom viral culture was performed. Three new cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified among household contacts using PCR. Two of the three new cases had had contact with the index patient during their primary illness, and all three had antibody evidence of past infection. Thus, there was no laboratory evidence of viral shedding and no epidemiological evidence of transmission among individuals with re-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results.

scholarly journals Persistent Smell Loss Following Undetectable SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol H. Yan ◽  
Divya P. Prajapati ◽  
Michele L. Ritter ◽  
Adam S. DeConde
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Smell Loss ◽  
Pcr Test

The association of smell and taste loss with COVID-19 has been well demonstrated with high prevalence rates. In certain cases, chemosensory loss may be the only symptom of COVID-19 and may linger while other symptoms have resolved. The significance of persistent smell and taste loss and its relationship to ongoing viral shedding has yet to be investigated. In this cross-sectional study, of the 316 laboratory test–confirmed COVID-19 cases at our institution, 46 had subsequent test-based confirmation of viral clearance with 2 consecutive negative RT-PCR test results (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Olfactory dysfunction was reported by 50% of the patients (23 of 46), with 78% (18 of 23) having subjective persistent smell loss despite negative RT-PCR test results. These preliminary data demonstrate the persistence of self-reported smell loss despite otherwise clinical resolution and undetectable nasal viral RNA.

scholarly journals Duration of viral shedding and culture positivity with post-vaccination breakthrough delta variant infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Siedner ◽  
Julie Boucau ◽  
Rebecca Gilbert ◽  
Rockib Uddin ◽  
Jonathan Luu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Replication Competent Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Viral Load Quantification

Isolation guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 are largely derived from data collected prior to emergence of the delta variant. We followed a cohort of ambulatory patients with post-vaccination breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections with longitudinal collection of nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification, whole genome sequencing, and viral culture. All delta variant infections (8/8, 100%) in our cohort were symptomatic, compared with 64% (9/14) of non-delta variant infections. Delta variant breakthrough infections were characterized by higher initial viral load, longer duration of virologic shedding by PCR (median 13.5 vs 4 days, hazard ratio [HR] 0.45, 95%CI 0.17-1.17), greater likelihood of replication competent virus at early stages of infection (6/8 [75%] vs 3/14 [23%], P=0.03), and longer duration of culturable virus (median 7 vs 3 days, HR 0.38, 95%CI 0.14-1.02) compared to non-delta variants. Nonetheless, no individuals with delta variant infections had replication competent virus by day 10 after symptom onset or 24 hours after resolution of symptoms. These data support current US Center for Disease Control isolation guidelines and reinforce the importance of prompt testing and isolation among symptomatic individuals with delta variant breakthrough infections. Additional data are needed to evaluate these relationships among asymptomatic and more severe delta variant breakthrough infections.

scholarly journals Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) as an influenza diagnostic test among children in Yogyakarta

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Eva Musdalifah ◽  
M. Juffrie ◽  
Purnomo S ◽  
Amalia Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Viral Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background Influenza virus type A, especially H5Nl subtype oravian influenza, is a highly pathogenic agent that causes epidemicin the world with high mortality. Most cases are preschool andschool children. Anti-viral drug is effective when given at earlyphase. The gold standard for the diagnosis of influenza is viralculture, which takes 2 to 10 days. A rapid and accurate diagnostictest is needed to control further viral infection.Objective To determine the accuracy of RT-PCR as a diagnostictest for children with influenza compared with viral culture.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in primary healthcares of Jetis I, Godean I, II and Dr Sardjito Hospital Yogyakartabetween January 2005 and May 2007. The specimens, taken bytrained health personnel, were collected from both anterior naresand throat of children aged from birth to 14 years who met theeligibility criteria, then were stored in a frozen extraction tubeand sent to Jakarta for RT-PCR and viral culture as the goldstandard.Results There were 34 7 children enrolled in this study. Influenzainfection was confirmed in 63 children (18.2%). There were 24children with H3N2 subtype of influenza virus, 13 children withHINI subtype, and one child with H5Nl subtype. The sensitivity,specificity, positive and negative predictive value, positive andnegative likelihood ratio of RT-PCR test were 89%, 90%, 67%,97%, 9, 3, 0, and 12 respectively.Conclusions RT-PCR is accurate enough as influenza diagnostictest in children.

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