scholarly journals Microtubule-associated IQD9 guides cellulose synthase velocity to shape seed mucilage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Gina Stamm ◽  
Katharina Bürstenbinder ◽  
Cătălin Voiniciuc
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis ◽  
Highly Expressed Genes ◽  
Seed Mucilage

Arabidopsis seeds release large capsules of mucilaginous polysaccharides, which are shaped by an intricate network of cellulosic microfibrils. Cellulose synthase complexes is guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton, but it is unclear which proteins mediate this process in the seed coat epidermis (SCE). Using reverse genetics, we identified IQ67 DOMAIN 9 (IQD9) and KINESIN LIGHT CHAIN-RELATED 1 (KLCR1) as two highly expressed genes during seed development and comprehensively characterized their roles for cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and cortical microtubule (MT) organization. Mutations in IQD9 as well as in KLCR1 lead to compact mucilage capsules with aberrant cellulose distribution, which can be rescued by transgene complementation. Double mutant analyses revealed that their closest paralogs (IQD10 and KLCR2, respectively) are not required for mucilage biosynthesis. IQD9 physically interacts with KLCR1 and localizes to cortical MTs to maintain their organization in SCE cells. Similar to the previously identified TONNEAU1 (TON1) RECRUITING MOTIF 4 (TRM4) protein, IQD9 is required to maintain the velocity of cellulose synthases. Our results demonstrate that IQD9, KLCR1 and TRM4 are MT-associated proteins that are required for seed mucilage architecture. This study provides the first direct evidence that members of the IQD, KLCR and TRM families have overlapping roles in guiding the distribution of cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, SCE cells provide an attractive system to further decipher the complex genetic regulation of polarized cellulose deposition.

scholarly journals Inhibition of cell expansion enhances cortical microtubule stability in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Giourieva ◽  
Emmanuel Panteris
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Stability

Abstract Background Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos, mre1, any1, prc1-1 and rsw1, and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein (csi1) mutant pom2-4. In addition, various treatments with drugs affecting cell expansion were performed on wild-type roots. Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. Results Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. After these treatments, cortical microtubules appeared more resistant to oryzalin, than in the control. Conclusions According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules.

scholarly journals PUL-Mediated Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Utilization in the Gut Bacteroidetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3077
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Hao ◽  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Haomeng Yang ◽  
Tao Tu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Plant cell wall polysaccharides (PCWP) are abundantly present in the food of humans and feed of livestock. Mammalians by themselves cannot degrade PCWP but rather depend on microbes resident in the gut intestine for deconstruction. The dominant Bacteroidetes in the gut microbial community are such bacteria with PCWP-degrading ability. The polysaccharide utilization systems (PUL) responsible for PCWP degradation and utilization are a prominent feature of Bacteroidetes. In recent years, there have been tremendous efforts in elucidating how PULs assist Bacteroidetes to assimilate carbon and acquire energy from PCWP. Here, we will review the PUL-mediated plant cell wall polysaccharides utilization in the gut Bacteroidetes focusing on cellulose, xylan, mannan, and pectin utilization and discuss how the mechanisms can be exploited to modulate the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals UDP-glucose dehydrogenases of maize: a role in cell wall pentose biosynthesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 391 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kärkönen ◽  
Alain Murigneux ◽  
Jean-Pierre Martinant ◽  
Elodie Pepey ◽  
Christophe Tatout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Glucose Dehydrogenase ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis ◽  
Polysaccharide Synthesis ◽  
Ethanol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Adh Activity

UDPGDH (UDP-D-glucose dehydrogenase) oxidizes UDP-Glc (UDP-D-glucose) to UDP-GlcA (UDP-D-glucuronate), the precursor of UDP-D-xylose and UDP-L-arabinose, major cell wall polysaccharide precursors. Maize (Zea mays L.) has at least two putative UDPGDH genes (A and B), according to sequence similarity to a soya bean UDPGDH gene. The predicted maize amino acid sequences have 95% similarity to that of soya bean. Maize mutants with a Mu-element insertion in UDPGDH-A or UDPGDH-B were isolated (udpgdh-A1 and udpgdh-B1 respectively) and studied for changes in wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. The udpgdh-A1 and udpgdh-B1 homozygotes showed no visible phenotype but exhibited 90 and 60–70% less UDPGDH activity respectively than wild-types in a radiochemical assay with 30 μM UDP-glucose. Ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity varied independently of UDPGDH activity, supporting the hypothesis that ADH and UDPGDH activities are due to different enzymes in maize. When extracts from wild-types and udpgdh-A1 homozygotes were assayed with increasing concentrations of UDP-Glc, at least two isoforms of UDPGDH were detected, having Km values of approx. 380 and 950 μM for UDP-Glc. Leaf and stem non-cellulosic polysaccharides had lower Ara/Gal and Xyl/Gal ratios in udpgdh-A1 homozygotes than in wild-types, whereas udpgdh-B1 homozygotes exhibited more variability among individual plants, suggesting that UDPGDH-A activity has a more important role than UDPGDH-B in UDP-GlcA synthesis. The fact that mutation of a UDPGDH gene interferes with polysaccharide synthesis suggests a greater importance for the sugar nucleotide oxidation pathway than for the myo-inositol pathway in UDP-GlcA biosynthesis during post-germinative growth of maize.

scholarly journals FRA1 modulates cortical microtubule localization of CMU proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya Ganguly ◽  
Chuanmei Zhu ◽  
Weizu Chen ◽  
Ram Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Lateral Stability ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Opposing Effect ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

ABSTRACTConstruction of the cell wall demands harmonized deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides. Cortical microtubules orient the deposition of cellulose by guiding the trajectory of plasma membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes. Vesicles containing matrix polysaccharides are thought to be transported by the FRA1 kinesin to facilitate their secretion along cortical microtubules. The cortical microtubule cytoskeleton thus provides a platform to coordinate the delivery of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the tail region of the FRA1 kinesin physically interacts with CMU proteins which are important for the microtubule-dependent guidance of cellulose synthase complexes. Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but had an opposing effect on the cortical microtubule localization of CMU1 and CMU2 proteins, thus regulating the lateral stability of cortical microtubules. Phosphorylation of the FRA1 tail region by CKL6 inhibited binding to CMUs and consequently reversed the extent of cortical microtubule decoration by CMU1 and CMU2. Genetic experiments demonstrated the significance of this interaction to the growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. We propose that modulation of CMU’s microtubule localization by FRA1 provides a mechanism to control the coordinated deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides.

Brefeldin A: a specific inhibitor of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in oat coleoptile segments

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Piro ◽  
Anna Montefusco ◽  
Daniela Pacoda ◽  
Giuseppe Dalessandro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

scholarly journals Modification of Cell Wall Polysaccharides during Drying Process Affects Texture Properties of Apple Chips

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Xiao ◽  
Jianyong Yi ◽  
Jinfeng Bi ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Jian Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Rehydration Ratio ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

The influences of hot air drying (AD), medium- and short-wave infrared drying (IR), instant controlled pressure drop drying (DIC), and vacuum freeze drying (FD) on cell wall polysaccharide modification were studied, and the relationship between the modifications and texture properties was analyzed. The results showed that the DIC treated apple chips exhibited the highest crispness (92) and excellent honeycomb-like structure among all the dried samples, whereas the FD dried apple chips had low crispness (10), the minimum hardness (17.4 N), and the highest volume ratio (0.76) and rehydration ratio (7.55). Remarkable decreases in the contents of total galacturonic acid and the amounts of water extractable pectin (WEP) were found in all the dried apple chips as compared with the fresh materials. The highest retention of WEP fraction (102.7 mg/g AIR) was observed in the FD dried apple chips, which may lead to a low structural rigidity and may be partially responsible for the lower hardness of the FD apple chips. In addition, the crispness of the apple chips obtained by DIC treatment, as well as AD and IR at 90°C, was higher than that of the samples obtained from the other drying processes, which might be due to the severe degradation of pectic polysaccharides, considering the results of the amounts of pectic fractions, the molar mass distribution, and concentrations of the WEP fractions. Overall, the data suggested that the modifications of pectic polysaccharides of apple chips, including the amount of the pectic fractions and their structural characteristics and the extent of degradation, significantly affect the texture of apple chips.

Hierarchical architecture of bacterial cellulose and composite plant cell wall polysaccharide hydrogels using small angle neutron scattering

Soft Matter ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1534-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Martínez-Sanz ◽  
Michael J. Gidley ◽  
Elliot P. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Solvent Accessibility ◽  
Hierarchical Architecture ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Sans Data

SANS data of bacterial cellulose and its composites with plant cell wall polysaccharides can be described by a core–shell model which accounts for the distinct solvent accessibility to the ribbons' inner/outer regions.

scholarly journals Relationship between Texture and Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Fruit Flesh in Various Species of Citrus

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Muramatsu ◽  
Toshio Takahara ◽  
Kiyohide Kojima ◽  
Tatsushi Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
Polysaccharide Composition ◽  
The Relationship

Various species and cultivars of citrus were studied to determine the relationship between texture and cell wall polysaccharide content of fruit flesh. Among those tested cultivars, navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and hassaku (C. hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) were firmest, `Fukuhara orange' (C. sinensis Osbeck) was intermediate, and satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc.) was softest. There was a 3-fold difference in firmness among the 12 citrus cultigens measured. Cohesiveness values ranged from 0.30 to 0.49 and were not correlated with fruit firmness. Sugar content in each cell wall fraction was highest in the water and EDTA fractions, followed by the hemicellulose fraction, and was lowest in the cellulose fraction. Correlation coefficients between firmness and sugar content ranged from 0.69 to 0.88 and were highest in the cellulose fraction. This study suggests that firmness of fruit flesh among the cultigens is influenced by cell wall polysaccharide composition. Chemical name used: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

scholarly journals Mechanism of Cell Wall Polysaccharides Modification in Harvested ‘Shatangju’ Mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco) Fruit Caused by Penicillium italicum

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taotao Li ◽  
Dingding Shi ◽  
Qixian Wu ◽  
Chunxiao Yin ◽  
Fengjun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Antioxidant Metabolites ◽  
Fungi Infection

Modification of cell wall polysaccharide in the plant plays an important role in response to fungi infection. However, the mechanism of fungi infection on cell wall modification need further clarification. In this study, the effects of Penicillium italicum inoculation on ‘shatangju’ mandarin disease development and the potential mechanism of cell wall polysaccharides modification caused by P. italicum were investigated. Compared to the control fruit, P. italicum infection modified the cell wall polysaccharides, indicated by water-soluble pectin (WSP), acid-soluble pectin (ASP), hemicellulose and lignin contents change. P. italicum infection enhanced the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and the expression levels of xyloglucanendotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin, which might contribute to cell wall disassembly and cellular integrity damage. Additionally, higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via decreasing antioxidant metabolites and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) also contributed to the cell wall polysaccharides modification. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and germin-like protein (GLP) were inhibited by pathogen infection. Altogether, these findings suggested that cell wall degradation/modification caused by non-enzymatic and enzymatic factors was an important strategy for P. italicum to infect ‘shatangju’ mandarin.

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