The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on older adults' loneliness: Evidence from high-frequency panel data
BACKGROUND: It is unclear how strong and long lasting the effects of recurring COVID-19 restrictions on older adults' loneliness are. METHODS: 469 retired older adults (60+) provided 8,814 repeated observations of loneliness (27 waves) in the Austrian Corona Panel Project between March 2020 and December 2021. Ordinal mixed regression models were used to estimate the effect of the stringency of COVID-19 restrictions (SI) on loneliness. RESULTS: The proportion of older adults who reported to be often lonely correlated closely (r=0.63) with the SI over time: both peaked during lockdowns (SI=82, often lonely=10-12%) and were lowest during the summer of 2020 (SI=36, often lonely=5- 6%). Results from regression models indicate, that when the SI increased above 60 (=strict lockdown), an increase in loneliness followed. Older adults who lived alone were more affected than those living with others. CONCLUSIONS: Stringent COVID-19 restrictions lead to situational loneliness, par- ticularly among those who lived alone. Efforts should be made to enable older adults who live alone to have save in-person contact during lockdown periods.