scholarly journals Perceived timing of active head movement at different speeds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Sachgau ◽  
William Chung ◽  
Michael Barnett-Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Movement Perception ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Point Of Subjective Simultaneity ◽  
Subjective Simultaneity ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe central nervous system must determine which sensory events occur at the same time. Actively moving the head corresponds with large changes in the relationship between the observer and the environment, sensorimotor processing, and spatiotemporal perception. Numerous studies have shown that head movement onset must precede the onset of other sensory events in order to be perceived as simultaneous, indicating that head movement perception is slow. Active head movement perception has been shown to be slower than passive head movement perception and dependent on head movement velocity, where participants who move their head faster than other participants require the head to move even earlier than comparison stimuli to be perceived as simultaneous. These results suggest that head movement perception is slower (i.e., suppressed) when the head moves faster. The present study used a within-subjects design to measure the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) between active head movement speeds and a comparison sound stimulus. Our results clearly show that i) head movement perception is faster when the head moves faster within-subjects, ii) active head movement onset must still precede the onset of other sensory events (Average PSS: -123 to -52 ms) in order to be perceived as occurring simultaneously even at the fastest speeds (Average peak velocity: 76°/s to 257°/s). We conclude that head movement perception is slow, but that this delay is minimized with increased speed. While we do not provide evidence against sensory suppression, which requires active versus passive head movement comparison, our results do rule out velocity-based suppression.

Relationship between Motion Sickness and Accuracy of Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 765-769
Author(s):  
Hikaru Sato ◽  
Yuki Sato ◽  
Takahiro Wada
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is the reflexive eye movement occurring in the opposite direction of head movement to stabilize the visual image during head movement. We hypothesize that there exists a correlation between motion sickness and the accuracy of VOR because motion sickness and VOR are thought to be related to the head movement signals estimated in the central nervous system. The first purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between motion sickness and VOR accuracy using a mathematical model, which simultaneously describes motion sickness and VOR. The result of numerical simulation experiments shows a strong negative correlation between VOR accuracy and the severity of motion sickness. The second purpose is to investigate the relationship between motion sickness and VOR accuracy by experiments on humans. The result shows moderate negative correlations between the VOR accuracy and the severity of motion sickness among participants.

Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal y consumo de alcohol: Un diagnóstico descriptivo del deterioro cognitivo en estudiantes universitarios de Durango, México

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Karla Liliana Pérez-Sosa ◽  
Edgar Felipe Lares-Bayona
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probabilistic Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Alcohol is a toxic substance associated with acute and chronic disorders affecting the Central Nervous System and significantly altering brain function. Objective: To determine the relationship between cognitive impairment and alcohol consumption in university students of the Juárez University of the State of Durango. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional, descriptive, comparative, non-probabilistic study, for convenience. A database was designed on the results obtained in a clinical interview on alcohol consumption and the application of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Contribution: The evaluation of cognitive functions show similar results, the male sex presented a better score in Attention and the female one in Orientation. More involvement was identified in the Deferred Memory functions in both groups. In relation to alcohol consumption, the cognitive functions evaluated show lower levels. The female gender was more evident cognitive impairment in relation to alcohol consumption being statistically significant (p <0.025). Alcohol consumption is a risky behavior that deserves to be recognized by the main actors about neurocognitive effects. Alcohol consumption prevention programs and cognitive diagnostic tools are appropriate strategies to reduce risk behaviors in mental health.

New concepts on the structure of the neuronal networks: The miniaturization and hierarchical organization of the central nervous system*

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi F. Agnati ◽  
Kjell Fuxe
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Networks ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Local Circuits ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis is introduced that miniaturization of neuronal circuits in the central nervous system and the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling can take place, may be the key to understand the enormous capability of the human brain to store engrams as well as its astonishing capacity to reconstruct and organize engrams and thus to perform highly sophisticated integrations. The concept is also proposed that in order to understand the relationship between the structural and functional plasticity of the central nervous system it is necessary to postulate the existence of memory storage at the network level, at the local circuit level, at the synaptic level, at the membrane level, and finally at the molecular level. Thus, memory organization is similar to the hierarchical organization of the various levels, where information handling takes place in the nervous system. In addition, each higher level plays a role in the reconstruction and organization of the engrams stored at lower levels. Thus, the trace of the functionally stored memory (i.e. its reconstruction and organization at various levels of storage) will depend not only on the chemicophysical changes in the membranes of the local circuits but also on the organization of the local circuits themselves and their associated neuronal networks.

The Power of Followers That do not Follow: Investigating the Effects of Follower Resistance, Leader Implicit Followership Theories and Leader Negative Affect on the Emergence of Destructive Leader Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 154805182110124
Author(s):  
Amelie V. Güntner ◽  
Kai N. Klasmeier ◽  
Florian E. Klonek ◽  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Leader Behavior ◽  
Destructive Leadership ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Implicit Followership Theories ◽  
Theory X

This study focuses on follower resistance as a potential antecedent of destructive leader behavior and examines leader-related moderators and mediators to help explain the relationship between follower resistance and destructive leader behavior. Drawing from implicit followership theories, we propose that the relationship between follower resistance and destructive leader behavior is moderated by leaders’ Theory X schema. Furthermore, we build on affective events theory to hypothesize that follower resistance increases destructive leader behavior via leaders’ negative affect. We tested our hypotheses in a within-subjects online field experiment. Our study findings demonstrate that follower resistance increases destructive leader behavior and that this relationship is mediated through leaders’ negative affect and moderated by leaders’ Theory X schema. We discuss theoretical implications regarding the impact of (resistant) follower behavior on destructive leadership and offer methodological advances in terms of research design and analytical approaches to deal with endogeneity issues and derive causal inferences. Lastly, we derive practical implications for utilizing follower resistance.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-787
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Not only in the peripheral working organs, irritating substances are formed, which, as we can see, take an active part in their regulation, but also in the central nervous system, in the relationship of its individual elements, such substances apparently play an important role.

Intake of Anti-Epileptic Drugs and their Influences on Sexual Dysfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roheela Yasmeen ◽  
Nida Mobeen ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Khan ◽  
Irfan Aslam ◽  
Samia Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sexual Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Penile Erection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Epilepsy which is also called seizures disorder is an uncontrolled action of the central nervous system. Itis not a single disease but a set of neurological disorders. Actually in this situation, the brain does notreceive a precise signal and as a result an abnormal condition is produced that is usually involuntary inaction. In this review, we aimed to focus on the relationship of anti-epileptic drugs with sexual dysfunctionand adaptation of better remedies that improve a patient’s family life. Sexual dysfunction is a commoncomorbidity in people with epilepsy which badly affects their quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is causedby different factors like psychiatric problems, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) and social factors etc. Sexualdysfunctions include ejaculatory failure, lessen libido, penile erection in men and irregular menstrual cyclein women. Common drugs such as Topiramate, Gabapentin (GBP), Valproate (VA), Carbamazepine (CBZ),Olanzapine (OL) and Risperidone (RTG) that are in practice to treat epilepsy usually produced adverseeffect on sexual dysfunction. Even though a lot of studies have been carried out to control sexualdysfunction in epilepsy’s patient, but still research is going on. Medicine such as Cyproheptadine,Mianserin, Buspirone, Yohimbine were found better to treat epilepsy with minimum side effects of sexualdysfunction. Moreover, it is also seen that certain vasodilators, folate , and vitamin supplements areeffective in improving the quality of life.

scholarly journals Relationship between microcephaly and Zika virus during pregnancy: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 635-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerusinete Rodrigues Bastos dos Santos ◽  
Francisca Bruna Arruda Aragão ◽  
Walder Jansen de Mello Lobão ◽  
Fabiano Rosário Lima ◽  
Luísa Marillac Ramos Lacerda de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY AIM: the present study analysed the association between Zika-virus and microcephaly during the gestational period of women in Brazil. Methodology: Systematic reviews of intervention research, current publications of clinical investigations were used systematic search strategies in three electronic databases PubMed, SciELO and Google academic. The following keywords were used: Microcephaly, gestation, Zika-virus to perform the search, and 1020 articles were obtained after exclusion, 45 were left and 35 were eligible. The collection period was from 2004 to 2017. Results: Epidemiological data suggest a temporal association between the quantitative increase and the Zika-virus epidemic, especially in Northeast Brazil. It is not consensual to measure the cephalic perimeter curve to be considered. Conclusion: Given this, the application of techniques to accurately diagnose the relationship between causes and effects in the pathogenesis of Zika virus infection in the central nervous system should be prioritized.

Effect of voluntary vs. artificial activation on the relationship of muscle torque to speed

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 2215-2221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Dudley ◽  
R. T. Harris ◽  
M. R. Duvoisin ◽  
B. M. Hather ◽  
P. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Voluntary Activation ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Artificial Activation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Eccentric Actions

The speed-torque relationship of the right knee extensor muscle group was investigated in eight untrained subjects (28 +/- 2 yr old). Torque was measured at a specific knee angle during isokinetic concentric or eccentric actions at nine angular velocities (0.17-3.66 rad/s) and during isometric actions. Activation was by "maximal" voluntary effort or by transcutaneous tetanic electrical stimulation that induced an isometric torque equal to 60% (STIM 1) or 45% (STIM 2) of the voluntary isometric value. Torque increased (P less than 0.05) to 1.4 times isometric as the speed of eccentric actions increased to 1.57 rad/s for STIM 1 and STIM 2. Thereafter, increases in eccentric speed did not further increase torque. Torque did not increase (P greater than 0.05) above isometric for voluntary eccentric actions. As the speed of concentric actions increased from 0.00 to 3.66 rad/s, torque decreased (P less than 0.05) more (P less than 0.05) for both STIM 1 and STIM 2 (two-thirds) than for voluntary activation (one-half). As a result of these responses, torque changed three times as much (P less than 0.05) across speeds of concentric and eccentric actions with artificial (3.4-fold) than voluntary (1.1-fold) activation. The results indicate that with artificial activation the normalized speed-torque relationship of the knee extensors in situ is remarkably similar to that of isolated muscle. The relationship for voluntary activation, in contrast, suggests that the ability of the central nervous system to activate the knee extensors during maximal efforts depends on the speed and type of muscle action performed.

scholarly journals Src Family Kinases in the Central Nervous System：Their Emerging Role in Pathophysiology of Migraine and Neuropathic Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingdi Nie ◽  
Wen-Rui Ye ◽  
Shangbin Chen ◽  
Domenico Chirchiglia ◽  
Minyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Src Family Kinases ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

: Src family kinases (SFK) are a group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases which play a pivotal role in cellular responses and oncogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggest that SFK also act as a key component in signalling pathways of the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathological conditions. Despite the crucial role of SFK in signal transduction of the CNS, the relationship between SFK and molecules implicated in pain has been relatively unexplored. This article briefly reviews the recent advances uncovering the interplay of SFK with diverse membrane proteins and intracellular proteins in the CNS and the importance of SFK in the pathophysiology of migraine and neuropathic pain. Mechanisms underlying the role of SFK in these conditions and potential clinical applications of SFK inhibitors in neurological diseases are also summarised. We propose that SFK are the convergent point of signalling pathways in migraine and neuropathic pain and may constitute a promising therapeutic target for these diseases.

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