scholarly journals Motor Responses Influence Perceptual Awareness Judgements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Siedlecka ◽  
Justyna Hobot ◽  
Zuzanna Skóra ◽  
Borysław Paulewicz ◽  
Bert Timmermans ◽  
...  

AbstractPerception and action are tightly related, but what is the relation between perceptual awareness and action? In this study we tested the hypothesis that motor response influences perceptual awareness judgements. We design a procedure in which participants were asked to decide whether Gabor grating was oriented towards the left or the right. Presentation of the stimuli was immediately followed by a cue requiring motor response that was irrelevant to the task but could be the same, opposite or neutral to the correct response to the Gabor patch. After responding to the cue participants were asked to rate their stimulus awareness using Perceptual Awareness Scale and then to report their discrimination decision.The results showed that participants reported a higher level of stimulus awareness after carrying out responses that were either congruent or incongruent with a response required by a stimulus, compared to the neutral condition. The results suggest that directional motor response (congruent or incongruent with correct response to the stimulus) provides information about the decision process and its outcome increasing reported awareness of a stimulus.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
O. V. Korzhyk ◽  
O. R. Dmutrotsa ◽  
A. I. Poruchynskyi ◽  
A. H. Morenko

The study of processes related to the motor response suppression and the evaluation of the next, alternative, response after termination of the already observed initial motor response is of significant interest to modern scientists. The objective of our research is to identify the gender-specific features of the amplitude-time characteristics of induced cortical electrical activity in the process of the excitation of the motor programs of manual movement. Healthy and right-handed men and women aged 18–23 participated in the research. The research tasks investigated the time of simple and complex visual-motor responses, amplitude-temporal features of N2 and P3 components of cognitive evoked potentials in the response to launch and contralateral switching (dominant or subdominant arm) of the motor program of finger flexes (pressing the remote control button) in the Stop-Change paradigm. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed in the frontal, central, and parietal lobes of the cortex. It was established that male participants had lower time indexes of simple and complex visual-motor responses than women. In addition, during the contralateral switching of motor programs of manual movements the smaller latent periods of the ERPs components in the right central and left frontal sections (component N2), in the left hemisphere lobes (component P3) among men were observed. The amplitudes of the N2 and P3 components revealed higher values in male participants at the parietal lobes. Thus, the process of recognizing and differentiating the stimulus among men was faster, with more powerful focus and attention on the operative memory. In the left hemisphere of men and women the smaller latent periods of P3component (in the central lobe) and amplitudes of N2 and P3 components were determined compared to the right hemisphere. Thus, the motor programs switching in the paradigm of the experiment occurred with the sequential activation of the left and contralateral right hemispheres.



2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2830
Author(s):  
Kyeong Eun Min ◽  
YongSuk Lee ◽  
Jihong Park

To examine individual or combined effects of static stretch and explosive contraction on quadriceps spinal-reflex excitability (the peak Hoffmann’s reflex normalized by the peak motor-response) and the latency times of the Hoffmann’s reflex and motor-response. Fourteen healthy young males randomly experienced four conditions (stretch, contraction, stretch + contraction, and control—no intervention). For the stretch condition, three sets of a 30 s hold using the modified Thomas test on each leg were performed. For the contraction condition, three trials of maximal countermovement vertical jump were performed. Quadriceps spinal-reflex excitability and the latent period of each value on the right leg were compared at pre- and post-condition. All measurement values across conditions were not changed at any time point (condition × time) in spinal-reflex excitability (F6,143 = 1.10, p = 0.36), Hoffmann’s reflex latency (F6,143 = 0.45, p = 0.84), motor-response latency (F6,143 = 0.37, p = 0.90), and vertical jump heights (F2,65 = 1.82, p = 0.17). A statistical trend was observed in the contraction condition that spinal-reflex excitability was increased by 42% (effect size: 0.63). Neither static stretch nor explosive contraction changed the quadriceps spinal-reflex excitability, latency of Hoffmann’s reflex, and motor-response. Since our stretch protocol did not affect jumping performance and our contraction protocol induced the post-activation potentiation effect, either protocol could be used as pre-exercise activity.



2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Pahlavan ◽  
Philippe Bonnet ◽  
Daniel Duda

The effects of presentation of an aversive stimulus and simultaneous failure on a bogus intelligence test upon a subject's aggressive reactions were studied. The subject's fist clenching was used as an indicator of aggression. Four conditions, generated by the combinations of two kinds of stimulus delivered to the subjects (aversive or nonaversive) and two outcomes of the task (failure or success), were investigated. 20 female and 20 male students (ages: 17–34 years) were instructed, upon the reception of an aversive or nonaversive acoustic signal, to press with the right hand a device that displayed a slide. Each slide presented an item from an intelligence test, to which the subjects were either allowed to answer successfully (success) or not (failure). Failure increased the subject's autonomic arousal, as measured by photoplethysmographic sensors, in all stimulation conditions, but only the condition with aversive stimulation increased the speed of clenching. This was interpreted as indicating subject's tendencies to aggression. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of frustration.



2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5546
Author(s):  
Florian Heilmann ◽  
Kerstin Witte

Visual anticipation is essential for performance in sports. This review provides information on the differences between stimulus presentations and motor responses in eye-tracking studies and considers virtual reality (VR), a new possibility to present stimuli. A systematic literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and SURF was conducted. The number of studies examining the influence of stimulus presentation (in situ, video) is deficient but still sufficient to describe differences in gaze behavior. The seven reviewed studies indicate that stimulus presentations can cause differences in gaze behavior. Further research should focus on displaying game situations via VR. The advantages of a scientific approach using VR are experimental control and repeatability. In addition, game situations could be standardized and movement responses could be included in the analysis.



2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Loneli Costaner ◽  
Guntoro Guntoro ◽  
Febrizal Alfarasy

Sekolah khoiru ummah merupakan salah satu lembaga yang selalu berhubungan dengan tenaga pendidik sebagai aktor pertama dan tenaga kependidikan sebagai support organisasi. Permasalahan terjadi ketika harus menyeleksi calon tenaga pendidik, dimana banyaknya pelamar membuat proses penyeleksian dalam menentukan alternatif  terbaik yang dilakukan masih dengan cara menimbang setiap skor secara manual diatas kertas. Kondisi tersebut terjadi kendala sulitnya untuk memutuskan calon tenaga pendidik yang sesuai kebutuhan dikarenakan harus menimbang dengan prasaan, kemudian proses keputusan juga masih lambat karena harus bermusyarawah yang cukup panjang dari personalia, kepala sekolah hingga yayasan demi konsistensi keputusan tepat untuk dipilih. Dengan demikian persoalan ini dibutuhkan suatu solusi proses keputusan yang relevan dan cepat dengan analisis metode Analytical hierarchy  process (AHP) dengan kriteria kelengkapan adminitrasi pelamar, ujian tertulis, penilaian personality, wawancara dan micro teaching. Sedangkan sampel data alternatif ada tiga pelamar yang akan dianalisis dengan metode  AHP. Data nilai awal masukan didapatkan melalui quisioner perbandingan yang dinilai oleh personalia, kepala sekolah dan Yayasan dengan konsistensi kriteria 0.08 dimana nilai ini falid karena sesuai dengan kaedah konsistensi standar Thomas l.Saaty yaitu konsisten nilai < 0.1. Pengujian ini dilakukan dengan langkah perhitungan consisten indek dan index random yang terdapat pada tahapan AHP kepada nilai masukan nilai tabel matrik perbandingan dari data alternatif. Hasil pengujian dengan nilai konsistensi seluruh data baik kriteria dan alternatif mendapatkan keputusan tebaik  rekomendasi dengan nilai tertinggi didapatkan oleh Husen ahmad dengan nilai 0.729, kedua Sikin al hafidz dengan nilai 0.163 dan Sulaiman akhbar dengan nilai 0.109.   Abstract  The khoiru ummah school is one of the institutions that is always in touch with educators as the first actors and educational staff as organizational support. The problem occurs when it comes to selecting prospective teaching staff, where many applicants make a selection process in determining the best alternative which is still done by weighing each score manually on paper. In this condition, there is an obstacle in the difficulty of deciding the candidate for educators who are suitable for their needs because they have to weigh carefully, then the decision process is also still slow because they have to have a long discussion from personnel, principals to foundations for consistency in the right decision to be chosen. Thus, this problem requires a solution for the decision process that is relevant and fast by analyzing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with the criteria for completeness of applicant administration, written examinations, personality assessments, interviews and micro teaching. Meanwhile, the sample of alternative data were three applicants who were analyzed using the AHP method. Initial input value data were obtained through comparative questionnaires assessed by personnel, principals and foundations with the consistency of the criterion of 0.08 where this value was falid because it was in accordance with Thomas L.aaty's standard consistency principle, which was consistent with a value of <0.1. This test is carried out by calculating the consisten index and random index contained in the AHP stage to the input values ​​of the comparison matrix table values ​​from alternative data. The results of the test with the consistency value of all data, both criteria and alternatives, get the best recommendation with the highest value obtained by Husen Ahmad with a value of 0.729, both Sikin al Hafidz with a value of 0.163 and Sulaiman akhbar with a value of 0.109.



1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno Bonke ◽  
Jože Rupreht ◽  
John H. M. Van Eijndhoven

Return of motor-responses upon request as an indicator of stimulus processing during apparent unconsciousness in general anesthesia was studied in 8 healthy, male volunteers during prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide. First the minimal effective concentration of nitrous oxide was established for each volunteer, based upon continued absence of motor-responses to repeated verbal commands. One week later this concentration of nitrous oxide was administered for a 3-hr. period; return of motor-responses after at least 30 min. of absence was considered a sign of so-called unconscious perception. Four volunteers showed return of motor-response within the 3 hr. of exposure, but two of these had been rather restless throughout the session. Results indicate that unexpected processing of information by patients may occur during presumed unconsciousness after a prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide in general anesthesia.



Author(s):  
Omar Raoof ◽  
Hamed Al-Raweshidy

This chapter proposes a novel game-based green interface/network selection mechanism that is an extension to the multi-interface fast-handover mobile IPv6 protocol and works when the mobile node has more than one wireless interface. The mechanism controls the handover decision process by deciding whether a handover is needed or not and helps the node to choose the right access point at the right time. Additionally, the mechanism switches the mobile nodes interfaces “ON” and “OFF” when needed to control the mobile node’s energy consumption and improves the handover latency.



2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunglae Lee ◽  
Eric J. Perreault

Abstract Responses elicited after the shortest latency spinal reflexes but prior to the onset of voluntary activity can display sophistication beyond a stereotypical reflex. Two distinct behaviors have been identified for these rapid motor responses, often called long-latency reflexes. The first is to maintain limb stability by opposing external perturbations. The second is to quickly release motor actions planned prior to the disturbance, often called a triggered reaction. This study investigated their interaction when motor tasks involve both limb stabilization and motor planning. We used a robotic manipulator to change the stability of the haptic environment during 2D arm reaching tasks, and to apply perturbations that could elicit rapid motor responses. Stabilizing reflexes were modulated by the orientation of the haptic environment (field effect) whereas triggered reactions were modulated by the target to which subjects were instructed to reach (target effect). We observed that there were no significant interactions between the target and field effects in the early (50–75 ms) portion of the long-latency reflex, indicating that these components of the rapid motor response are initially controlled independently. There were small but significant interactions for two of the six relevant muscles in the later portion (75–100 ms) of the reflex response. In addition, the target effect was influenced by the direction of the perturbation used to elicit the motor response, indicating a later feedback correction in addition to the early component of the triggered reaction. Together, these results demonstrate how distinct components of the long-latency reflex can work independently and together to generate sophisticated rapid motor responses that integrate planning with reaction to uncertain conditions.



1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Rao

Intragastric pressure (IGP) as an index of gastric motor activity was used to investigate gastric motor responses elicited by phenyldiguanide (PDG) in rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Phenyldiguanide injected into the atrium produced an inhibitory gastric motor response whereas an aortic injection resulted in an increase in IGP. Intracarotid injections were without effect. Atropine reduced the response to atrial PDG but not to aortic PDG. Cervical vagotomy abolished the response to both atrial and aortic PDG. Guanethidine and spinal transection abolished the response to atrial PDG only. It is concluded that PDG acts by stimulation of nonmedullated vagal afferents. The efferent pathway for PDG-evoked gastric relaxation is through sympathetic nerves and the efferent system for gastric contraction involves a noncholinergic, nonadrenergic excitatory mechanism.



2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrine Skak Madsen ◽  
Louise Baruël Johansen ◽  
Wesley K. Thompson ◽  
Hartwig R. Siebner ◽  
Terry L. Jernigan ◽  
...  

AbstractThe ability to effectively suppress motor response tendencies is essential for focused and goal-directed behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that developmental improvement in the ability to cancel a motor response is reflected by maturational changes in the white matter underlying the right presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), two cortical key areas of the fronto-basal ganglia “stopping” network. Eighty-eight typically-developing children and adolescents, aged 7-19 years, were longitudinally assessed with the stop-signal task (SST) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain over a period of six years. Participants were examined from two to nine times with an average of 6.6 times, resulting in 576 SST-DTI datasets. We applied tract-based spatial statistics to extract mean fractional anisotropy (FA) from regions-of-interest in the white matter underlying the right IFG (IFGFA) and right preSMA (preSMAFA) at each time point. Motor response cancelation performance, estimated with the stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), improved with age. Initially well performing children plateaued around the age of 11 years, while initially poor performers caught up at the age of 13-14 years. White matter microstructure continued to mature across the investigated age range. Males generally displayed linear maturational trajectories, while females displayed more curvilinear trajectories that leveled off around 12-14 years of age. Maturational increases in right preSMAFA but not right IFGFA were associated with developmental improvements in SSRT. This association differed depending on the mean right preSMAFA across the individual maturational trajectory. Children with lower mean right preSMAFA exhibited poorer SSRT performance at younger ages but steeper developmental trajectories of SSRT improvement. Children with higher mean right preSMAFA exhibited flatter trajectories of SSRT improvement along with faster SSRT already at the first assessments. The results suggest that no further improvement in motor response cancellation is achieved once a certain level of maturity in the white matter underlying the right preSMA is reached. Similar dynamics may apply to other behavioral read-outs and brain structures and, thus, need to be considered in longitudinal MRI studies designed to map brain structural correlates of behavioral changes during development.HighlightsMotor response cancellation, i.e. SSRT, improvement plateaued at 13-14 years of ageFractional anisotropy (FA) captured maturation of white matter (WM) microstructureFA in the WM underlying right preSMA (preSMAFA) reflected SSRT improvement with ageIndividual SSRT improvement depended on mean right preSMAFA across all DTI sessionsChildren with lower mean right preSMAFA had the steepest improvements in SSRT



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