scholarly journals Heart rate and its relationship with activity in free-ranging Cheloniidae sea turtles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi Okuyama ◽  
Maika Shiozawa ◽  
Daisuke Shiode
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractThe primary oxygen stores in Cheloniidae sea turtles are in the lungs. Therefore, management of blood oxygen transportation to peripheral tissues by cardiovascular adjustments while diving is crucial to maximize benefits from dives. However, heart rate, particularly cardiac response to exercise in free-ranging dives, has rarely been examined for sea turtles. In this study, heart rate and its relationship with the amount of activity were determined in six free-ranging green turtles using bio-logging techniques. Our results demonstrated that resting heart rate took 7–11 h to reduce to steady levels after turtles were released in the tank, indicating that turtles may not present normal physiological rates right after release. After heart rate reduction, resting heart rate of green turtles in free-ranging dives was generally low (10.9 ± 2.5 bpm), but they often presented arrhythmia (4–54 bpm) even in resting states. The amount of activity during a dive linearly increased heart rate, but maximum heart rates (39.0–69.8 bpm) were recorded during ventilation at surface. These results indicate that turtles have the capability of cardiac response to increased metabolic demands in their muscles while submerged, and also of cardiovascular adjustment for a rapid renewal of oxygen stores and removal of CO2 during ventilation. Such well-organized cardiac adjustments may be because of characteristics of Cheloniidae sea turtles such as ectothermy and oxygen storage in lungs while submerged.Summary statementGreen sea turtles in free-ranging dive had generally lower heart rate compared to other air-breathing divers and it varied with the amount of exercise. Turtles often showed extreme arrhythmia.

scholarly journals Heart rate and cardiac response to exercise during voluntary dives in captive sea turtles (Cheloniidae)

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. bio049247
Author(s):  
Junichi Okuyama ◽  
Maika Shiozawa ◽  
Daisuke Shiode
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Response To Exercise

Constancy of stroke volume in ventricular responses to exertion

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Rushmer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Increase Stroke Volume ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
The Right ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Indicator Dilution Techniques

Diastolic and systolic dimensions of the left ventricle and the free wall of the right ventricle in intact dogs are affected little by spontaneous exercise. The concept that stroke volume and heart rate in normal man increase by about the same relative amounts was derived from estimations of cardiac output, particularly in athletes, based upon indirect measurements using foreign gases or CO2. Data for man obtained with the modern cardiac catheterization or indicator dilution techniques confirm the impression derived from intact dogs that increased stroke volume is neither an essential nor a characteristic feature of the normal cardiac response to exercise. Stroke volume undoubtedly increases whenever cardiac output is increased with little change in heart rate (e.g. in athletes or in patients with chronic volume loads on the heart). Tachycardia produced experimentally with an artificial pacemaker in a resting dog causes a marked reduction in diastolic and systolic dimensions and in the stroke change of dimensions. The factors generally postulated to increase stroke volume during normal exercise may prevent the reduction in stroke volume accompanying tachycardia.

Aortic blood flow in dogs during treadmill exercise

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 809-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean L. Franklin ◽  
Richard M. Ellis ◽  
R. F. Rushmer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Aortic Blood Flow ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Response To Exercise

Instantaneous blood flow through the thoracic aorta was monitored continuously during spontaneous activity in intact dogs by means of a new, pulsed, ultrasonic flowmeter. Integrated flow per stroke, accumulated flow per unit time and heart rate were simultaneously derived by means of electronic computers. During treadmill exercise at 3 mph on a 5% grade, the heart rate increased by two- or threefold, but the aortic flow per stroke was only slightly increased. This observation was confirmed by direct measurements, of left ventricular diameter. An increase in stroke volume is not an essential feature of the cardiac response to exercise in these experiments. Submitted on December 15, 1958

Autonomic nervous control of heart rate in muskrats during exercise in air and under water.

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1563-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E Signore ◽  
D R Jones
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Beta Adrenergic ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Chronotropic Response ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Parasympathetic Tone

Neural control of the cardiac responses to exercise in air (running) and under water (diving) was studied in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) by means of acute pharmacological blockade with the muscarinic blocker atropine and the beta-adrenergic blocker nadolol. Saline injection was used as a control. Controls running on a treadmill showed a marked increase in heart rate with exercise. Atropine-treated animals had a higher resting heart rate than controls, but heart rate still increased with running. Nadolol-treated animals had a lower resting heart rate than controls and displayed a less pronounced increase in heart rate with running than controls. Animals treated with a combination of atropine and nadolol had a resting heart rate similar to that of controls but their heart rate was unaffected by running. Thus, exercise tachycardia in muskrats is due to activation of the sympathetic system and also to a reduction in parasympathetic tone. Heart rate decreased markedly during voluntary submergence in controls but rose as muskrats swam submerged against increasing water flows. Nevertheless, diving bradycardia was still present. Free-diving bradycardia and the relative increase in heart rate with underwater exercise were abolished by atropine and unaffected by nadolol. Hence, unlike the cardiac response to exercise in air, the cardiac response to underwater exercise is due only to a reduction in parasympathetic tone. Injection of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol markedly increased heart rate in air but had little effect during voluntary and forced dives, indicating a marked decrease in the sensitivity of cardiac cells to adrenergic stimulation during submergence. These results strongly suggest that accentuated antagonism between the two branches of the autonomic nervous system occurs during diving so that parasympathetic influences on the heart predominate and inhibit any chronotropic response to adrenergic stimulation.

scholarly journals An external telemetry system for recording resting heart rate variability and heart rate in free-ranging large wild mammals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252013
Author(s):  
Sean D. Twiss ◽  
Naomi Brannan ◽  
Courtney R. Shuert ◽  
Amanda M. Bishop ◽  
Patrick. P. Pomeroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Resting Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Artefact Correction

Measures of heart rate variability (and heart rate more generally) are providing powerful insights into the physiological drivers of behaviour. Resting heart rate variability (HRV) can be used as an indicator of individual differences in temperament and reactivity to physical and psychological stress. There is increasing interest in deriving such measures from free ranging wild animals, where individuals are exposed to the natural and anthropogenic stressors of life. We describe a robust, externally mounted heart rate monitor for use in wild mammals, deployed here on wild breeding adult female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), that delivers millisecond precise measures of inter beat intervals (IBIs), allowing computation of resting HRV parameters. Based on Firstbeat™ heart rate belts, our system allows for remote, continuous recording of IBI data from over 30 individuals simultaneously at ranges of up to 200m. We assessed the accuracy of the IBI data provided by the Firstbeat™ system using concurrent IBI data derived from in-field electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Bland-Altmann analyses demonstrated high correspondence between the two sets of IBI data, with a mean difference of 0.87±0.16ms. We used generalized additive mixed-effects models to examine the impact of the default Firstbeat™ software artefact correction procedure upon the generation of anomalous data (flats and stairs). Artefact correction and individual activity were major causes of flats and stairs. We used simulations and models to assess the impact of these errors on estimates of resting HRV and to inform criteria for subsampling relatively error free IBI traces. These analyses allowed us to establish stringent filtering procedures to remove traces with excessive numbers of artefacts, including flats and stairs. Even with strict criteria for removing potentially erroneous data, the abundance of data yielded by the Firstbeat™ system provides the potential to extract robust estimates of resting HRV. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our system for applications beyond the study system described here.

scholarly journals A non-invasive system to measure heart rate in hard-shelled sea turtles: potential for field applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1830) ◽  
pp. 20200222
Author(s):  
Kentaro Q. Sakamoto ◽  
Masaru Miyayama ◽  
Chihiro Kinoshita ◽  
Takuya Fukuoka ◽  
Takashi Ishihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Band Pass Filter ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Olive Ridley ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Free Ranging

To measure the heart rate of unrestrained sea turtles, it has been believed that a probe must be inserted inside the body owing to the presence of the shell. However, inserting the probe is invasive and difficult to apply to animals in the field. Here, we have developed a non-invasive heart rate measurement method for some species of sea turtles. In our approach, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed using an animal-borne ECG recorder and two electrodes—which were electrically insulated from seawater—pasted on the carapace. Based on the measured ECG, the heartbeat signals were identified with an algorithm using a band-pass filter. We implemented this algorithm in a user-friendly program package, ECGtoHR. In experiments conducted in a water tank and in a lagoon, we successfully measured the heart rate of loggerhead, olive ridley and black turtles, but not green and hawksbill turtles. The average heart rate of turtles when resting underwater was 6.2 ± 1.9 beats min –1 and that when moving at the surface was 14.0 ± 2.4 beats min –1 . Our approach is particularly suitable for endangered species such as sea turtles, and has the potential to be extended to a variety of other free-ranging species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)’.

scholarly journals Comparison of body temperature and heart rate in sea turtles from Baja California Sur, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Fernández-Sanz ◽  
Eduardo Reséndiz
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Inguinal Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Free Ranging

Sea turtles depend on ambient temperature to carry out their main activities, so changes in water temperature can affect the function of their immune system and represent different threats. To assess vital signs in black sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon complex, Mexico, 600 turtles were examined. Carapace, plastron, and left inguinal area temperatures were measured with a digital infrared thermometer gun. Cloacal temperature was measured with an electronic thermometer. Heart rate was recorded using a stethoscope. Statistical analyses found no significant variation between inguinal area and cloacal temperatures. Vital sign measurements were compared with previous reports in the region, and there were differences in body temperatures, which were attributed to the characteristics of the water masses inhabited by the turtles. There was no significant difference between heart rate data for black sea turtles in this study and previously reported data for healthy sea turtles in the region, indicating that these data are likely an accurate representation for the species. All values fell within the reference intervals for healthy sea turtles. This minimally invasive diagnostic approach using vital signs allowed us to evaluate and infer core organ functions and to rule out health threats such as cold-stunning, resulting in a useful preliminary systemic assessment of free-ranging sea turtles.

scholarly journals Prediction of Cardiac Response to Physical Stress

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-227
Author(s):  
Larry E. Long ◽  
LaVerne L. Hoag
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Physical Stress ◽  
Cardiac Response ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Cardiac Responses

This paper presents a method for predicting an individual's cardiac response to a series of fixed intensity tasks. It was determined that cardiac responses to exercise at given work loads are similar for subjects of the same sex and level of physical fitness when they are expressed in terms of resting heart rate. Using this observation as a basis, a prediction model was developed by extrapolating from emperically derived heart rate patterns. The prediction error was no more than five to ten percent of the actual heart rate value in ninety percent of the predictions.

Estimating the rate of oxygen consumption during submersion from the heart rate of diving animals

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. R2028-R2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Green ◽  
L. G Halsey ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
R. L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging

How animals manage their oxygen stores during diving and other breath-hold activities has been a topic of debate among physiologists for decades. Specifically, while the behavior of free-ranging diving animals suggests that metabolism during submersion must be primarily aerobic in nature, no studies have been able to determine their rate of oxygen consumption during submersion (V̇o2d) and hence prove that this is the case. In the present study, we combine two previously used techniques and develop a new model to estimate V̇o2d accurately and plausibly in a free-ranging animal and apply it to data for macaroni penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus) as an example. For macaroni penguins at least, V̇o2d can be predicted by measuring heart rate during the dive cycle and the subsequent surface interval duration. Including maximum depth of the dive improves the accuracy of these predictions. This suggests that energetically demanding locomotion events within the dive combine with the differing buoyancy and locomotion costs associated with traveling to depth to influence its cost in terms of oxygen use. This will in turn effect the duration of the dive and the duration of the subsequent recovery period. In the present study, V̇o2d ranged from 4 to 28 ml·min−1·kg−1, indicating that, at least as far as aerobic metabolism was concerned, macaroni penguins were often hypometabolic, with rates of oxygen consumption usually below that for this species resting in water (25.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) and occasionally lower than that while resting in air (10.3 ml·min−1·kg−1).

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