scholarly journals A definition of song from human music universals observed in primate calls

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schruth ◽  
Christopher N. Templeton ◽  
Darryl J. Holman
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Temporal Redundancy ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Primate Vocalizations

AbstractMusical behavior is likely as old as our species with song originating as early as 60 million years ago in the primate order. Early singing likely evolved into the music of modern humans via multiple selective events, but efforts to disentangle these influences have been stifled by challenges to precisely define this behavior in a broadly applicable way. Detailed here is a method to quantify the elaborateness of acoustic displays using published spectrograms (n=832 calls) culled from the literature on primate vocalizations. Each spectrogram was scored by five trained analysts via visual assessments along six musically relevant acoustic parameters:tone, interval, transposition, repetition, rhythm, andsyllabic variation. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce this multivariate assessment into a simplified measure of musical elaborateness. The resulting “acoustic reappearance diversity” index simultaneously captures syllabic variation and spectral/temporal redundancy in a single continuous variable. The potential utility of this index is demonstrated by applying it to several social and habitat-based theories of acoustic display origins. Our results confirm that primate species living in small, monogamous groups have song-like calls, while forest habitat had a less pronounced association.

Psychometric Definition of Rorschach Determinant Component Structure

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Exner's Comprehensive System ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

This is an empirical examination of Experienced Stimulation (es) and Experience Actual (EA) from Exner's Comprehensive System (CS) for Rorschach's Test, spurred by Kleiger's theoretical critique. Principal components analysis, Cronbach's α, and inter-item correlational analyses were used to test whether 13 determinants used to code Rorschach responses (M, FM, m, CF+C, YF+Y, C'F+C', TF+T, VF+V, FC, FC', FV, FY, FT) are best represented as a one, two, or more-dimensional construct. The 13 determinants appear to reflect three dimensions, a “lower order” sensori-motor dimension (m + CF+C + YF+Y + C'F+C' + TF+T + VF+V) with a suggested label of Modified Experienced Stimulation (MES), a “higher order” sensori-motor dimension (FM + FV + FY + FT) with a suggested label of Modified Experience Potential (MEP), and a third sensori-motor dimension (M+FC+FC') for which the label of Modified Experience Actual (MEA) is suggested. These findings are consistent with Kleiger's arguments and could lead to a refinement of CS constructs by aggregating determinants along lines more theoretically congruous and more internally consistent. A RAMONA model with parameters specified was presented for replication attempts which use confirmatory factor analytic techniques.

scholarly journals Metabolomic and Genetic Analysis of Biomarkers for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Expression and Activation

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2136-2151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueying Zhen ◽  
Kristopher W. Krausz ◽  
Chi Chen ◽  
Jeffrey R. Idle ◽  
Frank J. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Urinary Biomarkers ◽  
Xanthurenic Acid ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor with manifold effects on intermediary metabolism. To define a set of urinary biomarkers that could be used to determine the efficacy of PPARα agonists, a metabolomic investigation was undertaken in wild-type and Pparα-null mice fed for 2 wk either a regular diet or a diet containing the PPARα ligand Wy-14,643 ([4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] acetic acid), and their urine was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principal components analysis of 6393 accurate mass positive ions revealed clustering as a single phenotype of the treated and untreated Pparα (−/−) mice plus two additional discrete phenotypes for the treated and untreated Pparα (+/+) mice. Biomarkers of PPARα activation were identified from their accurate masses and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry of authentic compounds. Biomarkers were quantitated from raw chromatographic data using appropriate calibration curves. PPARα urinary biomarkers highly statistically significantly elevated by Wy-14,643 treatment included 11β-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid (>3700-fold), 11β,20-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid (50-fold), nicotinamide (>2-fold), nicotinamide 1-oxide (5-fold), 1-methylnicotinamide (1.5-fold), hippuric acid (2-fold), and 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline-β-d-glucuronide (3-fold). PPARα urinary biomarkers highly statistically significantly attenuated by Wy-14,643 treatment included xanthurenic acid (1.3-fold), hexanoylglycine (20-fold), phenylpropionylglycine (4-fold), and cinnamoylglycine (9-fold). These biomarkers arise from PPARα effects on tryptophan, corticosterone, and fatty acid metabolism and on glucuronidation. This study underscores the power of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics combined with genetically modified mice in the definition of monogenic metabolic phenotypes.

Correlates of Reasons for Not Reporting Rape to Police

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Cohn ◽  
Heidi M. Zinzow ◽  
Heidi S. Resnick ◽  
Dean G. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Police Reporting ◽  
Dominant Set ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

Rape tactics, rape incident characteristics, and mental health problems (lifetime depression, PTSD, and substance abuse) were investigated as correlates of eight different reasons for not reporting a rape to police among women who had experienced but did not report a rape to police ( n = 441) within a national telephone household probability sample. Rape tactics (nonmutually exclusive) included drug or alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated rape (DAFR/IR; n = 119) and forcible rape (FR; n = 376). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was conducted to extract a dominant set of patterns among the eight reasons for not reporting, and to reduce the set of dependent variables. PCA results indicated three unique factors: Not Wanting Others to Know, Nonacknowledgment of Rape, and Criminal Justice Concerns. Hierarchical regression analyses showed DAFR/IR and FR were both positively and significantly associated with Criminal Justice Concerns, whereas DAFR/IR, but not FR, was associated with Nonacknowledgment as a reason for not reporting to police. Neither DAFR/IR nor FR emerged as significant predictors of Others Knowing after controlling for fear of death or injury at the time of the incident. Correlations among variables showed that the Criminal Justice Concerns factor was positively related to lifetime depression and PTSD and the Nonacknowledgement factor was negatively related to lifetime PTSD. Findings suggest prevention programs should educate women about the definition of rape, which may include incapacitation due to alcohol or drugs, to increase acknowledgement and decrease barriers to police reporting.

Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals and Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 562-598
Author(s):  
Stevan Berber
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Time ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Linear Time Invariant ◽  
Time Signals ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Linear Time Invariant Systems ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Invariant

Due to the importance of the concept of independent variable modification, the definition of linear-time-invariant system, and their implications for discrete-time signal processing, Chapter 11 presents basic deterministic continuous-time signals and systems. These signals, expressed in the form of functions and functionals such as the Dirac delta function, are used throughout the book for deterministic and stochastic signal analysis, in both the continuous-time and the discrete-time domains. The definition of the autocorrelation function, and an explanation of the convolution procedure in linear-time-invariant systems, are presented in detail, due to their importance in communication systems analysis and synthesis. A linear modification of the independent continuous variable is presented for specific cases, like time shift, time reversal, and time and amplitude scaling.

scholarly journals MR-proANP and incident cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Jensen ◽  
Morten Schou ◽  
Caroline Kistorp ◽  
Jens Faber ◽  
Tine W. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Natriuretic Peptides ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Preserved Ejection Fraction ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Background Mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) is a useful biomarker in outpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to diagnose heart failure (HF). Elevated B-type natriuretic peptides are included in the definition of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) but little is known about the prognostic value of including A-type natriuretic peptides (MR-proANP) in the evaluation of patients with T2D. Methods We prospectively evaluated the risk of incident cardiovascular (CV) events in outpatients with T2D (n = 806, mean ± standard deviation age 64 ± 10 years, 65% male, median [interquartile range] duration of diabetes 12 [6–17] years, 17.5% with symptomatic HFpEF) according to MR-proANP levels and stratified according to HF-status including further stratification according to a prespecified cut-off level of MR-proANP. Results A total of 126 CV events occurred (median follow-up 4.8 [4.1–5.3] years). An elevated MR-proANP, with a cut-off of 60 pmol/l or as a continuous variable, was associated with incident CV events (p < 0.001). Compared to patients without HF, patients with HFpEF and high MR-proANP (≥ 60 pmol/l; median 124 [89–202] pmol/l) and patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) had a higher risk of CV events (multivariable model; hazard ratio (HR) 2.56 [95% CI 1.64–4.00] and 3.32 [1.64–6.74], respectively). Conversely, patients with HFpEF and low MR-proANP (< 60 pmol/l; median 46 [32–56] pmol/l) did not have an increased risk (HR 2.18 [0.78–6.14]). Conclusions Patients with T2D and HFpEF with high MR-proANP levels had an increased risk for CV events compared to patients with HFpEF without elevated MR-proANP and compared to patients without HF, supporting the use of MR-proANP in the definition of HFpEF from a prognostic point-of-view.

Crop Diversification and Land Productivity in Odisha: Role of Rural Infrastructure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chittaranjan Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Rural Infrastructure ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Marketable Surplus

The present study examines the role of rural infrastructure, and some other factors like seed, fertiliser, marketable surplus and rural credit in crop diversification and land productivity in an eastern Indian state, Odisha. By using district-wise cross section official data for the year 2011-12, an index for rural infrastructure is prepared with help of the Principal Components Analysis, and crop diversity index is measured by the Entropy Index. An attempt has also been made to examine the regional divide in crop diversification and land productivity vis-à-vis rural infrastructure. The study observes that rural infrastructure has significant positive impact on land productivity. However, along with high yielding variety paddy, infrastructure contributes to concentration rather than crop diversification. In addition, the study also observes persistence of regional divide in infrastructure, which may be considered as a major concern having wider implications. However, due to limitations in data, such inferences need micro-level verifications before generalisation.

scholarly journals On reappearance and complexity in musical calling

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0218006
Author(s):  
David M. Schruth ◽  
Christopher N. Templeton ◽  
Darryl J. Holman
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Social Monogamy ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Musical Behavior ◽  
Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis ◽  
Evolutionary Emergence ◽  
Evolutionary Paths ◽  
Independent Inquiry

Music is especially valued in human societies, but music-like behavior in the form of song also occurs in a variety of other animal groups including primates. The calling of our primate ancestors may well have evolved into the music of modern humans via multiple selective scenarios. But efforts to uncover these influences have been hindered by the challenge of precisely defining musical behavior in a way that could be more generally applied across species. We propose an acoustic focused reconsideration of “musicality” that could help enable independent inquiry into potential ecological pressures on the evolutionary emergence of such behavior. Using published spectrographic images (n = 832 vocalizations) from the primate vocalization literature, we developed a quantitative formulation that could be used to help recognize signatures of human-like musicality in the acoustic displays of other species. We visually scored each spectrogram along six structural features from human music—tone, interval, transposition, repetition, rhythm, and syllabic variation—and reduced this multivariate assessment into a concise measure of musical patterning, as informed by principal components analysis. The resulting acoustic reappearance diversity index (ARDI) estimates the number of different reappearing syllables within a call type. ARDI is in concordance with traditional measures of bird song complexity yet more readily identifies shorter, more subtly melodic primate vocalizations. We demonstrate the potential utility of this index by using it to corroborate several origins scenarios. When comparing ARDI scores with ecological features, our data suggest that vocalizations with diversely reappearing elements have a pronounced association with both social and environmental factors. Musical calls were moderately associated with wooded habitats and arboreal foraging, providing partial support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. But musical calling was most strongly associated with social monogamy, suggestive of selection for constituents of small family-sized groups by neighboring conspecifics. In sum, ARDI helps construe musical behavior along a continuum, accommodates non-human musicality, and enables gradualistic co-evolutionary paths between primate taxa—ranging from the more inhibited locational calls of archaic primates to the more exhibitional displays of modern apes.

Environmental Factors Influencing Benthic Polychaete Distributions in a Subtropical Lagoon

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-74
Author(s):  
Anthony Cox ◽  
Daniel Hope ◽  
M. Angelica Zamora-Duran ◽  
Kevin B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Indian River Lagoon ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Polychaete Species ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Principle Components Analysis ◽  
Indian River ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Benthic Sediments ◽  
Elevated Water ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractFine-grained organic-rich sediments (FGORS) in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, sometimes called “muck,” contain elevated water, silt-clay, and organic matter contents and are abundant as a result of anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Many polychaetes inhabit the benthic sediments of estuaries and tolerate various degrees of FGORS. FGORS composition can be variable, and its effects on infaunal life such as polychaetes may depend upon concentration and composition. The IRL Cox Muck Index (CMI) is proposed as a mechanism for assigning a single value to the complex composition of muck and found to be a useful tool for summary and comparison. CMI has negative correlations with polychaete density (R2 = 0.2, p < 0.001), richness (R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001), and diversity (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001) based on multiple regression of principle components (PCs) derived from principle components analysis (PCA). Sediment with CMI of <1 fails to meet the definition of IRL muck in at least one parameter and is assumed capable of sustaining some metazoan life. The CMI range of 0.1‐0.2 supports the most robust polychaete community. The polychaete species Diopatra cuprea, Glycera americana, Alitta succinea, and Pectinaria gouldii persisted in the IRL above 0.6 CMI. An environmental dredging project removed muck sediments midway through this study and polychaete recovery following dredging was monitored. At one site, an area of Turkey Creek with abundant muck, the CMI was significantly reduced from 1.4 to 0.8 (p < 0.001). The developing polychaete community at these stations included G. americana and A. succinea. At the end of the study, there were increases in overall polychaete community density, richness, and diversity to 1,000 m−2, S = 3, H = 0.55, respectively.

Innovative educational university environment: essence and structural components analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Kotova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cluster Approach ◽  
Pedagogical Innovation ◽  
University Environment ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Innovative Economy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

We present a detailed analysis of the essence and structural components of the university innovative educational environment. An essence analysis of the innovative educational university environment contains information about the purposeful process of its formation in both substantive and organizational aspects. This aspect depends on the goals and expected results that contribute to the formation of students’ not only professional knowledge, but also personal qualities necessary in an innovative economy. An analysis of the structural components of the innovative educational university environment is considered taking into account the influence of the ideas of synergetics, the cluster approach and pedagogical innovation studies. We give a detailed description of the substantial changes in the structural components of the innovative educational university environment, upon consideration of which we propose a new structural component - innovative resultative. We present the author’s definition of the innovative educational university environment. We substantiate the special influence of the innovative educational university environment on students, which helps to increase not only the level of professional training of students, but also the development of their personal qualities, which are in demand in the conditions of an innovative economy.

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